HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISORDER Identify how different factors contribute to heart disease

A detailed research on topic "hypertensive heart disorder"

1. HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISORDER IN ADULTS

2. Group members Umme Habiba roll no 1 Tuba Khan Roll no56 Chanda naz Roll no 43 Nida Ameen Roll no 51

3. INTRODUCTION

4. Hypertensive heart disease refers to a constellation of changes in the left ventricle, left atrium, and coronary arteries as a result of chronic blood pressure elevation, which increases the workload on the heart inducing structural and functional changes. In simple words Hypertensive heart disease refers to heart problems that occur because of high blood pressure that is present over a long time. Alternative Names Hypertension - hypertensive heart; High blood pressure - hypertensive heart Chronic high blood pressure  (higher than 120/80 mmHg) causes hypertensive heart disease. As people get older and continue to have high blood pressure, their risk of heart disease increases. Heart failure occurs most often in people older than 65.

5. Hypertensive heart disorder (HHD) is a  major public health issue  globally, contributing significantly to cardiovascular diseases, strokes, and kidney failure. Addressing HHD is crucial for reducing healthcare costs and improving population health outcomes   The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights that poor management of hypertension can profoundly impact overall health. Approximately  1.3 billion  people worldwide are affected by hypertension, leading to around  10 million deaths annually . The  burden of HHD  is most pronounced in regions with  lower socio-demographic indices. I n 2017 , an estimated  17.1 million population were suffering from HHD worldwide , with 925,675 deaths and 16.5 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). HHD has become the second leading cause of heart failure , and is also the main cause of cardiometabolic death in US adul ts.

6. Pakistan: Hypertension affects about  18%  of adults in Pakistan, with the prevalence rising to  33% among adults over 45 years old. The country faces significant challenges in managing hypertension due to factors like obesity, unhealthy diets, decreased physical activity, and limited access to healthcare. The highest prevalence of 8.0 per 1000 (95% CI: 0.71–22.74) was observed in Pakistan. Highest weighted prevalence of hypertension was observed in Punjab 49.2% followed by Sindh 46.3% , Baluchistan 40.9% , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 33.3% . Hypertension was more prevalent in rural areas compared to urban areas except in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where it was more prevalent in urban areas

7. To identify the risk factor that contribute to the development of Hypertensive heart disorder in adults . To determine the prevalence of hypertensive disease

8. LITERATURE REVIEW

9. Article Name Aurthur Country Aurthur name Objectives Methodology Key findings Gaps Prevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of Hypertension in Rural Adults China Fayaz Ahmad et al. Study hypertension prevalence & factors. . Surveyed 39,224 adults; used 7-category BP system Prevalence: 32.7%-33.8%, low control. Risk factors: Age, alcohol, inactivity. Needs validation in other groups. Hypertension in Urban Varanasi India (Urban Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) Shikha et al. Assess hypertension in urban adults. 640 adults; WHO STEPS, physical Prevalence: 32.9%; low awareness. Risk factors; Male gender, age, obesity Focus on urban only Hypertensive Heart Disease in Poland Poland Tomasz Miazgowski et al. Evaluate HHD burden. GBD data analysis Rising prevalence (0.29% to 0.47%). Age, female gender. Lacks targeted strategies. Global Burden of HHD Poland Canada Jili Qian et al. Analyze HHD trends (1990-2019). Analysis of GBD 2019 data; Bayesian meta-regression models. ncreased prevalence, decreased mortality rates. High BMI More studies needed on regional factors.

10. HF Risk Factors in Islamabad Pakistan Akhtar Ali Bandeshah et . Identify HF risk among hypertensive patients Case-control, 200 participants Obesity, renal issues prevalent. Poor medication adherence. Needs larger studies HDP in Pregnancy Cameroon, particularly in the Mezam Division, North West Region. Nkem Ernest Njukang et al. Study HDP prevalence & risks. Cross-sectional, interviews. isks: obesity, age. Obesity, pre-existing conditions. Small sample, no follow-up. Hypertension in Young Adults, Kenya Kenya Damaris Ogake Ondimu et al. Study hypertension risks in youth Case-control, 160 participants. Higher BMI triples risk. BMI, family history. Small sample.

11. Asymmetric HHD UK Jonathan C.L. Rodrigues et al. . Prevalence of Asymmetric HHD: Study asymmetric HHD. g. CMR imagine evaluate the structural and functional remodeling . Found asymmetric LVH cases. Age, BP, duration. Needs longitudinal data Myocardial Fibrosis in HHD Spain Javier Díez et al. Study fibrosis in HHD. MRI and histology. Fibrosis causes dysfunction. Long-standing hypertension. Needs more trials.

12. Study Setting: Where Study is Happen? The study took place in Lahore , the capital of Punjab, Pakistan’s largest province. Known for its educational institutions and cognitive diversity . Study Setting

13. Lahore was chosen due to its large, diverse population and rapid urbanization, which contribute to lifestyle factors like stress, poor diet, and physical inactivity—key hypertension risk factors.
Lahore was selected as the geographical location for this study based on several critical factors, including its socio-economic standing, educational levels, cognitive awareness, and strategic geographical position. Its healthcare infrastructure also allows better access to data and medical resources, making it an ideal location to study the prevalence and risk factors of hypertensive disorders

14. Methodology The study’s methodology was designed to ensure comprehensive data collection from a diverse group of participants. The primary method used for data collection was a structured through questionnaire. The questionnaire was chosen for its ability to elicit detailed, quantitative responses that would provide insight into the participants’ perspectives and experiences. Questionnaire Process : T he questions were designed to cover various aspects of their experiences, opinions, and perceptions, providing a well-rounded view of the issues under study. The in-person approach also allowed the interviewers to clarify any questions and probe deeper into the participants’ answers, resulting in richer data. Data collection & sample

15. A total of 120 individuals participated in the study. These participants were carefully selected to represent a wide range of demographic factors, ensuring that the data collected was diverse and reflective of the broader population The participants ranged from 20 to 45 years old. This age group was selected because it represents a c ritical stage in adult life where individuals are often highly engaged with socio-economic and political issues. The age range also ensured that the study captured both younger adults with fresh perspectives and older individuals with more experience Sample Size Age Range

16. Ethical Conisiderations Ethical guidelines were followed rigorously to protect participants' rights and ensure the integrity of the study. Each participant was informed about the study's purpose, methodology, and their rights, including the option to withdraw at any point. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before the interviews began, and confidentiality was strictly maintained to protect personal information. Researchers ensured that any data collected would be used solely for research purposes , and no identifiable information would be disclosed or published. Privacy was maintained throughout, with data stored securely and only accessible to authorized personnel involved in the study.

17. Data Analysis Data analysis involved both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.In this study descriptive statistics including mean and S.D was utilized to summarize and analyze frequency of risk factors . Further more chi-square test was employed to assess the associations between various factors and the study's outcome. Combining both types of analysis provided a comprehensive understanding of the hypertensive disorder's prevalence and underlying causes among adults in Lahore.

18. Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristic of hypertensive heart diseases among adults participated in Lahore survey of Pakistan Health survey 2024 ( n=120) Characteristics Mean/Median SD Age 30.8083 8.10985   Frequency Percentage Gender Male Female Transgender   56 61 3   46.7% 50.8% 2.5% Socioeconomic Status Lower status Higher status     58 62     48.3% 51.7% Place of residence Rural Urban   57 63   47.5% 52.5% Marital Status Married Unmarried Widowed Divorced   27 26 33 34   22.5% 21.7% 27.5% 28.3% Income status Low income Middle income High income   35 53 32   29.2% 44.2% 26.7%

19. Table 2: Association between socio demographic characteristics and hypertensive heart diseases among adults participated in Lahore survey 2024 (N =120) Characteristics History of Hypertension P-value Yes No F % f % Age 20 to 31 years 31 to 40 years 41 to onward years     35 24 6   54.7 63.2 35.3   29 14 11   45.3 36.8 64.7   0.159     Gender Male Female Transgender   30 35   53.6 57.4   26 26 3   46.4 42.6 100   0.149 Marital status Married Unmarried Widow Divorced   14 14 19 18   51.9 53.8 57.6 52.9   13 12 14 16   48.1 46.2 42.4 47.1   0.972   Socioeconomic status Lower Status Higher Status     32 33     55.2 53.2     26 29       44.8 46.8       0.488 I ncome Low income Middle income High income   16 31 18   45.7 58.5 56.3   19 22 14   54.3 41.5 43.8   0.481 Place of residence Urban Rural   32 33     56.1 52.4   25 30   43.9 47.6   0.409

20. Table 3: Association between different environmental risk factors and prevalence of hypertensive heart diseases among adults participated in Lahore survey 2024 (N =120) Characteristics Diagnosed with hypertension p-value Yes No F % F % Smoking   Non smoker Smoker     29 56         67.4 72.7     12 16         27.9 20.8           0.647 Use of tobacco Yes No     45 37     76.3 63.8     10 18     16.9 31     0.339 Alcohol intake Yes No     40 45       74.1 68.2       12 13       22.2 24.2       0.619 Poor dietary habits Yes No     37 48       67.3 73.8       14 14         25.5 21.5       0.691

21. Table 4: Association between different physical risk factors and prevalence of hypertensive heart diseases among adults participated in Lahore survey 2024 (N =120) Characteristics Diagnosed with hypertension p-value Yes No F % F % Physical activity Yes No     39 46     67.2 74.2           15 13     25.9 21     0.694 BMI Underweight Normal overweight     85     100     28   100       0.000 Blood pressure low Normal     85     71.4         27 1         22.7 100               0.191

22. Table 5: Association between different Psychophysiological risk factors and prevalence of hypertensive heart diseases among adults participated in Lahore survey 2024 (N =120) Characteristics Diagnosed with hypertension p-value Yes No F % F % Family history Yes No   47 38   72.3 69.1   16 12   24.6 21.8   0.370 Stress metabolic syndrome Yes No       34 50       65.4 74.5         14 14       26.9 20.9       0.517 Headache Yes No   21 64       42.9 90.1       22 6       44.9 8.5             0.000   Dizziness Yes no     40 45       74.1 68.2       12 13       22.2 24.2       0.619

23. Main Findings Status: The average age of participants is 30.8 years , with some variation (SD: 8.1 years). Gender Slightly more women participated (50.8%) compared to male (46.7%). A small percentage (2.5%) identified as transgender. Socioeconomic Status Slightly more participants were from higher socioeconomic status (51.7%) than from lower status (48.3%). Place of Residence: More people lived in urban areas (52.5%) than in rural areas (47.5%). Income Status: Most participants were from the middle-income group (44.2%), followed by low-income (29.2%) and high-income (26.7%).

24. Socio demographic characteristics and hypertensive heart diseases Highlights that hypertension is most prevalent in the 31-40 age group (63.2%). Rates are similar between genders (53.6% male, 57.4% female), and highest among widowed participants (57.6%). Socioeconomic status shows higher hypertension prevalence in low income then middle income and then high . 32% among low-income, 25% among middle-income, and 22% among high-income.

25. Environmental factors : Environmental risk factors indicate that smokers (72.7%) and tobacco users (76.3%) have higher hypertension rates than non-smokers and non-users. Alcohol consumers also show elevated rates (74.1%), alongside those with poor dietary habits (73.8%) Physical Factors: Reveals that low physical activity correlates with higher hypertension (74.2%), and hypertension is exclusively observed in underweight participants. Low blood pressure also shows a significant association with hypertension (71.4%).

26. Psychophysiological factors : Presents psychophysiological factors, noting higher hypertension prevalence among those with a family history (72.3%). Surprisingly, individuals with stress metabolic syndrome show lower rates (65.4%), while headaches (90.1%) and dizziness (74.1%) are strongly associated with hypertension.

27. Importance: There is a significant association between physical activity, socioeconomic status, and the risk of developing coronary heart disease (p-value = 0.021) . Individuals with low physical activity levels and lower socioeconomic status exhibit a substantially higher risk of coronary heart disease compared to those with higher activity levels and socioeconomic status. Specifically, those who engage in regular physical activity show a lower risk (40.0% low risk, 20.0% high risk) versus those with low physical activity (30.0% low risk, 70.0% high risk).

28. Conclusion: The study shows a clear connection between physical activity, income level, and the risk of heart disease. Individuals who exercise regularly and have higher incomes are less likely to develop heart disease, while those who don’t engage in physical activity and come from lower-income backgrounds are at a greater risk. This highlights the urgent need for public health programs that encourage more physical activity among all groups. Additionally, efforts should address income-related barriers to help reduce the risk of heart disease and improve overall health for those who are most at risk.

29. Recommendation Community and Public Health Initiatives Education and Awareness Policy and Advocacy · Organize Health Fairs · Work with Local Groups · Create Support Groups · Run Awareness Campaigns · Make Informative Materials · Train Local Leaders · Support Health-Related Laws · Push for More Funding · Increase Access to Healthy Food