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Psychological

1. personality and psychodynamic theories

2. After studying this chapter, you will able to; Understand what is personality Describe determinants of personality Understand FFM ‘Know about psychodynamic theory

3. Personality Personality is defined as an individual's unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaviour . In the broadest sense, the term refers to the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that organize their behaviour ( Derlega et al, 2005). Most uses of the term can be summarized in terms of two major themes. The first meaning of the term originates from the perspective of an observer and involves an individual’s public presence and social reputation. The second meaning refers to the inner self or being of an individual: one’s private, vital and essential nature. With time, personality in this sense has come to mean the deep and enduring structures of an individual that form the central core of the self ( Derlega et al, 2005).

4. Personality Personality is defined as an individual's unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaviour . In the broadest sense, the term refers to the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that organize their behaviour ( Derlega et al, 2005). Most uses of the term can be summarized in terms of two major themes. The first meaning of the term originates from the perspective of an observer and involves an individual’s public presence and social reputation. The second meaning refers to the inner self or being of an individual: one’s private, vital and essential nature. With time, personality in this sense has come to mean the deep and enduring structures of an individual that form the central core of the self ( Derlega et al, 2005).

5. Determinant of Personality Heredity – Heredity is the transmission of qualities from generation to generation. It refers to physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition, and reflexes energy level and biological rhythms are characteristics that are considered to be inherent. Brain- Brain is the second biological approach to determine personality. If a person’s brain is sharp, he can understand the situation better and take prompt decision. Family Background- Parents and other family members have strong influence on the personality development of the child. The nature of such influence will depend upon; Family size Birth order Race Religion Geographical location Parent’s educational level Socio-economic level of family

6. Determinant of Personality Social groups – other influences arising from the social placement of the family as the person is exposed to agencies outside the home which includes school mates, friends, colleagues at workplace or any other group to which an individual belongs. Situation – Many a times behaviour of a person determined not by how that man is but by what the situation is in which he is placed. Culture – Culture is the factor which determines the decision making power of an individual. It refers to traditional practices, customs, procedures, norms, and rules and regulation followed by the society. It significantly influence to individual behaviour comapred to biological factors. Cultural factors determine attitudes towards independence, aggression, competition, corporation, positive thinking, team spirit and a host of the human being and discharge his/her duties towards valuable responsibilities to society.

7. Conceptualization of personality The Big Five personality model The FFM of personality represents a structure of traits, developed and elaborated over the last five decades (McCrae and Costa, 1997). Researchers agree that almost all personality measures could be categorized according to the FFM of personality (also referred to as the ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions) (Goldberg, 1990).

8. Extraversion A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, talkative and assertive. People who are high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. People who are low in extraversion (or introverted) tend to be more reserved and have to expend energy in social settings. High Enjoys being the center of attention Likes to start conversations Enjoys meeting new people Has a wide social circle of friends Find it easy to make new friends Feels energized when around other people Say things before thinking about them

9. Extraversion A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, talkative and assertive. People who are high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. People who are low in extraversion (or introverted) tend to be more reserved and have to expend energy in social settings. Low Prefers solitude Feels exhausted when having to socialize a lot Finds it difficult to start conversations Dislikes making small talk Carefully thinks things through before talking Dislikes being center of attention

10. Agreeableness A personality dimension describing someone who is good-natured, cooperative and trusting. This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, kindness, affection, and other pro-social behaviours . People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more corporative while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and even manipulative. High Has a great deal of interest in their people Cares about others Feels empathy and concern for other people Enjoys helping and contributing to the happiness of other people Assists others who are in need of help

11. Agreeableness A personality dimension describing someone who is good-natured, cooperative and trusting. This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, kindness, affection, and other pro-social behaviours . People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more corporative while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and even manipulative. Low Talks little interest in others Doesn’t care about how other people feels Has little interest in other people’s problems Insults and belittles others Manipulates others to get what they want

12. Conscientiousness A personality dimension describing someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented. Standard feature of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviours . High Spend time preparing Finish important tasks right away Pay attention to details Enjoy having a set schedules

13. Conscientiousness A personality dimension describing someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented. Standard feature of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviours . Low Dislike structure and schedules Make messes and not take care of things Fail to return things or put them back where they belong Procrastinate important tasks Fail to compete the things they are supposed to do

14. Neuroticism This trait is characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness. High Experience a lot of stress Worry about many different things Get upset easily Experience dramatic shifts in mood Feel anxious

15. Neuroticism This trait is characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness. Low Emotionally stable Deal well with stress Rarely feel sad or depressed Don’t worry much Very relaxed

16. Openness to experience A personality characteristic which characterizes someone who is imaginative, sensitive and intellectual. People who are high in this trait tend to be more adventurous and creative. People low in this trait are often much more tradional and may struggle with abstract thinking. High Very creative Open to trying new things Focused on tackling new challenges Happy to think about abstract concepts

17. Openness to experience A personality characteristic which characterizes someone who is imaginative, sensitive and intellectual. People who are high in this trait tend to be more adventurous and creative. People low in this trait are often much more tradional and may struggle with abstract thinking. Low Dislike challenge Do not enjoy new things Resist new ideas Not very imaginative Dislikes abstract or theoretical concepts

18. ACTIVITY “Ever dated a person of a different race or nationality” typically positively correlated with openness “Ever pulled an all-nighter to complete an assignment” typically negatively correlated with conscientiousness “Ever fell in love at first sight” typically positively correlated with extraversion “Ever had a girlfriend/boyfriend whose name you have forgotten” typically negatively correlated with agreeableness “Ever marched or protested against injustice” typically negatively correlated with neuroticism

19. Psychoanalytic Theory – Fraudian Theory First, understand Sigmund Freud’s view of how the mind is organized. According to him, the mind can be divided into three main parts; The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. The preconscious mind is a part of this mind which includes our memory, which is not always part of conscious but can be retrieved easily at any time. The unconscious mind is a tank of feelings, thoughts and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. According to Freud, the unconscious mind continues to influence our behaviour and experience.

20. Structural Model (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO) According to Freud, we are born with our ID. The ID is an important part of our personality because as new- borns , it allows us to get our basic needs met. Id is based on our pleasure principle. ID wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. The ID doesn’t care about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction. With the growth of the child, the second part of the personality develops and this is called as EGO. This is based on the reality principle. The EGO recognizes that other people have needs and wants too, and being selfish isn’t good in the long run. It’s the EGO’s job to meet the needs of the ID, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. By the age of five or the end of phallic stage of development, the SUPEREGO develops. Its is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed onus by our caregivers

21. A hungry baby cried until he was fed Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from Mr.Smith’s water glass much to his surprise Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr.Smith’s water glass Sarah know she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught

22. Ego defense mechanism In a healthy person, according to Freud, the EGO is the strongest so that it can satisfy needs of the ID, not upset the SUPEREGO, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. Think of the ID as the “devil on your shoulder” and the superego as the “angel of your shoulder”. We don’t want either one to get too strong so we talk to both of them, hear their perspective and then make a decision.

23. Emotions Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. The mainstream definition of emotion refers to a feeling state involving thoughts, physiological changes, and an outward expression or behavviour . During the 1970’s, psychologist Paul Eckman identified si x basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures. The emotions he identified were, Happiness Sadness Disgust Fear Surprise Anger He later expanded his list of basic emotions to include such things as pride, shame, embarrassment, and excitement.

24. Physiological component of Emotions Heart rate Pulse rate Respiration Blood pressure Digestion & appetite Muscular activity Body temperature Blood sugar Perspiration Pupil dilation

25. Sources of Emotions Type of personality – Personality predisposes people to experience certain moods and emotions. For example, some people feel guilt and anger more readily than others do. Others may feel calm and relaxed no matter the situation. In other word, moods and emotions have a trait component to them – most people have built in tendencies to experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others do. Time of day and week The weather – Many people believe their mood is tied to the weather. However, evidence suggests that weather has little effect on mood. Stress – Stressful day negatively affect employee’s mood. Also the effects of stress build over time. Social interaction – Social activities increase positive mood and have little effect on negative mood. Physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to party), or epicurean (eating with others) activities are more strongly associated with increase in positive mood than formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV with friends )events.

26. Sources of Emotions Sleep – Less sleep or poor sleep quality, puts people in a bad mood is because it impairs decision making and makes it difficult to control emotions. Exercise – Exercise enhances people’s positive mood. It appears that the therapeutic effects of exercise are strongest for those who are depressed. Although the effects of exercise on moods are consistent, they are not terribly strong. So exercise may help put you in a better mood, but don’t expect miracles. Age – highly positive moods lasted longer for older individuals and bad moods faded more quickly. The study implies that emotional experience tends to improve with age so that as we get older, we experience fewer negative emotions. Gender – The common belief is that women are more in touch with their feelings than men are – that they react more emotionally and are better able to read emotion in others.

27. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. EI is composed of five dimensions Self-awareness – being aware of what you’re feeling Self-management – the ability to manage your own emotions and impulses Self-motivation – the ability to persist in the face of setbacks and failures Empathy – the ability to sense how others are feeling Social-skills – the ability to handle the emotions of others

28. EI competencies that correlate to workplace success Intuition & Empathy Understanding others Customer service orientation People development Leveraging diversity Social skills Influencing Communication Leadership Conflict resolution Building bonds Collaboration and corporation Team capabilities

29. EI competencies that correlate to workplace success Self awareness Emotional awareness Accurate self assessment Self confidence Self management Self control Trustworthiness Conscientiousness Adaptability Innovation

30. EI competencies that correlate to workplace success Self motivation Achievement drive Commitment Initiative Optimism

31. Positive and Negative mood Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, self assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end, and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end, and relaxation, and poise at the low end. Negative emotions are most likely to translate into negative moods.