I CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (1).pptx

CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. (UNIT -1)
SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.B.PHARMACY. EIGHTH SEMESTER.

DR.PRISCILLA MARY J.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE.

1. UNIT 1 CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE PRESENTER DR PRISCILLA MARY J PHARM D

2. DEFINITION HEALTH: WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity . A combination of above three conditions defines the good health. PHYSICAL STATUS MENTAL STATUS SOCIAL STATUS GOOD HEALTH TRIAD

3. HEALTH GOOD FEATURES OF HEALTH: The person has ability to do work. The person feels himself well organized to take final decisions and work according to their decision. The healthy person remains free from any disease. The healthy person remains in sound mental condition.

4. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTAING GOOD HEALTH

5. FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH

6. CONCEPT OF HEALTH B iomedical concept E cological concept P sychosocial concept Holistic concept BIOMEDICAL CONCEPT: Health means absence of disease, and if someone was free from disease then that person was considered healthy. This concept is known as biomedical concept and it is based on germ theory of the disease .

7. CONCEPT OF HEALTH ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT The ecologists put forward this concept. Ecologists viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment and the disease as a maladjustment of the human organism to environment.

8. CONCEPT OF HEALTH PSYCHOSOCIAL CONCEPT Advances in social sciences showed that health is not only a biomedical phenomenon, but one which is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors of the people concerned. These factors must be taken into consideration in defining and measuring health. Thus health is both a biological and social phenomenon.

9. CONCEPT OF HEALTH HOLISTIC CONCEPT It has been variously described as multidimensional process involving the wellbeing of the person as a whole. The holistic approach implies that all sectors of the society have an effect on health in particular agriculture, animal husbandry, food industry, education, housing, public works and other sectors.

10. CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH: Public health is what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy. DIMENSIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH/ CONCEPTS Preventive Medicine. Social Medicine. Community health or Community Medicine.

11. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: This concept cover the early diagnosis and treatment of sick persons with the aim of preventing advanced diseases and in the case of communicable diseases in preventing the spread within the community. SOCIAL MEDICINE: The objective of social medicine is to identify the social determinants of health and disease in he community and to devise mechanisms for alleviating suffering and illhealth through social polices and actions.

12. COMMUNITY MEDICINE: Refers to services that are provided at the community level and is now often encompassed in the new term primary care. Community physicians, nurses and other health care personnel are involved in providing care at clinics, health centres and in people’s homes.

13. FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH Assessing and monitoring of health of the population. Planning, implementing and evaluating public health programmes. Identifying and dealing with environmental hazards. Communicating with people and organizations to promote public health.

14. 10 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES

15. EVALUATIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH Evaluation program is a systematic way to improve the public health. It is the way for organizations to measure the outputs, outcomes and any associated impacts that a project may have in comparison to the intended goals of such a program. Evaluation means planning effective public health strategies, improving exerting programs and indicating results of resource investments.

16. TYPES OF EVALUATIONS Plausibility Evaulations . Probability Evaluations. Adequacy Evaluations. PLAUSIBILITY EVALUATIONS: To verify if a program has achieved goals and objectives while having the power to clarify potential changes as being effected by intervention activities through the use of a control group. Evaluation is best to include the assessement throughout the program utilizing all data to perfectly explain.

17. TYPES OF EVALUATIONS PROBABILITY EVALUATIONS: Utilize purposeless control trials and are of the stronger type of evaluation as they are able to more exactly link cause and effects and supply the best indicator of an interventions usefulness. This type of evaluations is costly and resource potent with significant restriction. ADEQUACY EVALUATION: Conducted to verify if programmatic goals and objectives have been met and are simple as they do not require control groups.

18. FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION STANDARDS UTILITY FEASIBILITY PROPERITY ACCURACY

19. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE PREVENTION: Planning for disease prevention and taking action to prevent onset of disease or health Problem. CONTROL: Containment of a disease, prevention and intervention measures.

20. CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE DISEASE PREVENTION: Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the occurance of disease such as risk factor reduction but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established . LEVELS OF PREVENTION: Primordial prevention. Primary prevention. Secondary prevention. Tertiary prevention. Quaternary prevention.

21. LEVELS OF PREVENTION PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION: Prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared. INTERVENTION : Individual and mass education. EXAMPLES: National programmes and polices on Food and nutrition Against smoking and drugs. To promote regular physical exercise.

22. LEVELS OF PREVENTION PRIMARY PREVENTION: Action taken prior to onset of disease which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur INTERVENTION :Prepathogenesis stage of disease MODES OF INTERVENTION: Health promotion and specific protection.

23. LEVELS OF PREVENTION SECONDARY PREVENTION: Action which halts the progress of the disease at its Incipient stage and prevents complication. INTERVENTION : Early pathogenesis stage. MODES OF INTERVENTION: Early diagnosis and adequate or prompt treatment.

24. LEVELS OF PREVENTION TERTIARY PREVENTION: All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities and minimize suffering caused by existing departments from good health and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions. INTERVENTION : Late pathogenesis stage. MODES OF INTERVENTION: Disability limitations and Rehabilitation.

25. LEVELS OF PREVENTION QUATERNARY PREVENTION: The action taken to identify patient at risk of over medicalisation to protect him from new medical invasion and to suggest to him interventions which are ethically acceptable. Quaternary prevention is the set of health activities to mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive intervention of the health system. INTERVENTION : Health care professionals must be aware of the consequences of their decisions and include quaternary prevention interventions in their daily clinical practice with each patient.

26. CONTROL OF DISEASE Control of communicable disease which implies reducing their occurence has always been a major public health priority. DISEASE CONTROL METHODS: The term disease control describes (ongoing) operations aimed at reducing. 1.The incidence of disease. 2.The duration of disease and consequently the risk of transmission. 3.The effects of infection including both the physical and psychosocial complications 4.The financial burden to the community.

27. CONTROL OF DISEASE The following methods are used as disease control methods. Health promotion Specific protection Early detection and treatment. Quarantine and Isolation.

28. HEALTH PROMOTION: Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve health. It is not directed against any particular disease but is intended to strengthen the host through a variety of approaches(intervention) The well known interventions in this area Health eduaction Environmental modifications. Nutritional interventions. Lifestyle behavioral changes.

29. SPECIFIC PROTECTION: To avoid disease altogether is the ideal but this is possible only in a limited number of cases. The following are some of the currently available interventions aimed at specific protection. Immunization. Use of specific nutrients. Chemoprophylaxis. Protection against occupational hazards, accidents and carcinogens. Air pollution control.

30. EARLY DETECTION AND TREATMENT: They are the main interventions of disease control. The earlier disease is diagnosed and treated the better it is from the point of view of prognosis and preventing the occurrence of further cases or any long term disability. It is like stamping out the spark rather than calling the fire brigade to put out the fire.

31. QUARANTINE AND ISOLATION: It helps to protect the public by preventing exposure to people who have or may have a contagious disease. Isolation separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick. Quarantine seperates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick.

32. SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASES DISEASE : Disease is a malfunction of the body or Mind. Disease cause symptoms which may be physical,mental or social. SOCIAL CAUSE OF DISEASES: Unemployment. Social and cultural change. Life events Health behaviours. People, place and health.

33. SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASE RISK CONDITIONS. Poverty, Low education, occupational status Dangerous, stressful work, Dangerous, polluted environment, Discrimination, Low political and economic power, Large gaps in income, poor housing. Inadequate access to cheap, healthy food. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS Hypertension, Hypercholesterolaemia , Comprised immune system, Genetic factors. Smoking, poor diet, No exercise, Alcohol. PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS Isolation, Lack of social support, Low self esteem, self blame,Low perceived power and control, hopelessness. HEALTH STATUS

34. SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE SICK Sick may be defined as the person who is physically or mentally ill. The difficulties that sick and long term ill people are facing can be divided into various categories. Education problem. Social Relationship. Employment problem. Transportation problem Loss of independence. Communication problem Dining problem

35. THANK YOU.