I E T PAST PAPERS-1.pptx

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1. IET QUETIONS Class 2014

2. Describe the features of a modern fluoroscopic unit which minimize radiation dose to patient and the staff.(20mks) Discuss anode rotation.(20mks) Explain the meaning of extra-focal radiation.(5mks) Describe the cooling process that takes place after an x-ray exposure has been made. Use diagram(s) to illustrate.(20mks)

3. 5. Discuss the relationship between the selected (indicated) voltage and the actual voltage applied to the x-ray tube. Use as well labeled diagram to support your statements(20mks) QI. (a)Define the following terms used in switching (i) primary circuit switching.(3mks) (ii) secondary circuit switching.(3mks) (b) state 2 ways in which switching in the x-ray tube is achieved.(2mks) (c) using a well label diagram describe one method of primary switching.(14mks)

4. (d)Explain why exposure switching device in the high tension circuit must be wholly electronic. (3mks) Q2 (a)define the following term as applied to x-ray equipment . (i) High tension (2mks) (ii) Filament heating transformer(2mks) (iii) Thyristor(2mks) (iv) Self rectification(2mks) (v) Tube head (2mks)

5. (b) Explain the term RECTIFICATION.(2mks) (c) Most x-ray units have rectifiers in the high tension circuit. (i)Draw a circuit diagram which incorporate 4-four rectifier. (5mks) (ii) Name the circuit you have drawn in the roman(i)above.(2mks) (iii)state the type of voltage waveforms from this rectification system.(2mks)

6. (iv) State the shortest exposure time which can be possible by this rectification system.(2mks) (v)List two types of x-ray equipment which uses this type of rectification system.(2mks) Q3.Fluoroscopy is the use sheet of material that fluoresces when activated by x-rays. (a)List three(3) advantage of fluoroscopy in diagnostic imaging.(3mks) (b)Describe the structure of the fluoroscopic screen.(12mks) (c)State the general features of a fluoroscopic table.(10mks)

7. Draw labeled diagram of the cathode ray tube(7mks) Describe the principles of operation of the cathode ray tube.(9mks) State the desirable characteristic of a cathode ray tube(4mks) What should the radiographer do to ensure long life of such a tube.(5mks)

8. Q5.(a)State the requirement of a simple dental unit. (5mks) (b)Using a well labeled diagram(a)describe a simple dental unit. (20mks) Q6(a) Explain briefly how ultrasound is generated.(5mks) (b) Describe the construction of an ultrasonic transducer(probe) (10mks)

9. (c) List five(5) display modes used in ultrasonography(5mks) (d) In references to interpretation of scans in ultrasonography explain how anatomical structures are identified.(5mks) PAPER-2 Q1.(a) In relation to electronic exposure timer (i) state the principle operation.( 1 mks) (ii)Define the term “exposure time.”(1mks)

10. (b)Using a well labeled diagram describe the operation of the type of timer. Your description should include:- (i)state of the timer circuit before commencement of exposure;(3mks) (ii)setting of the exposure time. (3mks) (iii)Operation of the timer during exposure(3mks) (iv) How the exposure x-ray exposure is terminated(3mks)

11. (v)How the duration of exposure is controlled (3mks)(diagram-8mks) Q2.(a)Explain the meaning the following terms (i) Actual focus(2 & 1/2mks) (ii)Effective focus(2 & 1/2mks) (b) State the factors which determine the load that can be applied to a focus of a particular size (10mks

12. (c)How would your choice focal spot size be determined by:- (i) The nature of examination;(4mks) (ii) The region of examination;(3mks) (iii) The condition of the patient;(3mks) Q3.(a)Describe the principle of an electrical interlock. (5mks) (b)List five (5) interlocking systems found in the x-ray tube against overload.(5mks) (c) Describe an electronic type of interlock protect the x-ray tube against overload.(15mks)

13. Q4.(a)Differentiate between beam entering and beam limiting devices as used in radiography.(2mks) (b) List four types of beam centering devices.(4mks) (c)List (2) types of beam limiting devices(2mks) (d)Explain why it is important to limit the x-rays beam to diagnostic radiography.(5mks) (e)Describe abeam centering device of your choice clearly stating how its used.(12mks)

14. Q5.(a) with reference to rotation a node x-ray tube, state why:- (i) The focal track is made of an alloy of tungsten and rhenium;(3mks) (ii)The anode stem is made of molybdenum;(2mks) (iii) The rotor sleeve is made of copper;(2mks) (iv) The tube has higher rating than stationary anode X-ray tube;(2mks) (v) Lubricated of ball bearing is not by oil;(2mks)

15. (iv)The centering part of the tube is wider than the other parts; and(3mks) (vii)The anode support end of the insert is made narrower than the other parts.(3mks) (b)List the various materials used in construction of the anode assembly of a modern rotating a node x-ray tube.(3mks) (c) State the factors that help in increasing the speed of the anode in the high speed anodes.(5mks)

16. Q6.(a)Explain the basic principle of multisection tomography.(6mks) (b)With the aid of diagram, explain the construction of multisection cassette.(8mks) (c)Explain why intensifying screen differ at different levels in the construction cassette.(3mks) (d)List the advantage and disadvantage of multisection tomography relative to sequential single layer tomography of the same region.(8mks)

17. IET SPT 2012 MODULE 1(promotion) Q1(a)State TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statement, giving reasons for your choice (i)The voltage drop in mains supply is due to ohmic resistance only (3mks) (ii)In the event of an electric fire in the x-ray room, the radiographer should switch off the mains isolator rather than the mains ON/OFF switch of the control module.(3mks) (iii)The space charge compensator operates independent of KV control.(3mks) (iv)Attenuation (v)Absorption

18. (b)Define the term thyristor as applied to X-ray equipment (3mks) (c)Explain briefly why a waterfall is required in one of the methods for generating electricity.(3mks) (d)Define electrical grid.(5mks) (e)Name 5 primary sources of electricity.(5mks) Q2(a)Briefly describe the principle of an electric interlock.(5mks) (b) List 5 interlocking system found in the x-ray equipment (5mks) (c)Describe the type of the interlock used to protect the x-ray tube against overload(15mks)

19. Q3.(a)Explain in five functions of autotransformer.(10mks) (b)Describe the construction of autotransformer.(15mks) Q.4.(a)With the aid of diagram explain how radiographic mA selection is done (10mks) (b) (i)Name two types of fuses (2mks) (ii)Describe how each types is able to protect electrical equipment.(6mks) (c)Explain the function of a filament transformer(4mks) ( d)Define electricity.(3mks)

20. IET SEPT 2012MODULE 1(CAT) 1.Draw an x-ray circuit diagram which incorporates four rectifiers four rectifiers(6mks) 2.Name the type of rectification in (1) above (2mks) 3.State the following terms as applied to x-ray equipment which uses four rectifier system (2mks) 4.Define the following terms as applied to x-ray equipment (i)High tension (ii) Thyristor (iii)Self-rectification (2x3=6mks) 5.Using a well labeled diagram, describe one method of primary circuit switching(14mks)

21. MODULE II2014 SEPT2012(SUP) 1.(a)Explain the need to immerse high transformer in oil (5pts) 2.(a)With the aid of Diagram describe the construction and the function of light beam diaphragm(15pts) (b)Define the terms below as they apply to imaging equipment(2ptsx5) (i)High tension (ii)Filament heating transformer (iii)Thyristor (iv)Attenuation (v)Absorption

22. 3.(a)Describe the terms “x-ray tube rating”(5pts) (b)List the types of x-ray tube rating (4pts) (c)Using a diagram/chart explain the cooling curve of a typical x-ray tube(10pts) (d)State factors that determine the electrical load which may be applied to the x-ray tube without damaging it(6pts) 4(a)Describe the design and construction of high tension transformer(20pts) (b)Explain the methods a radiographer uses to protect the patient(5pts)

23. 2.(a)State true or false for each of the following statement giving reasons for your choice (i)In the event of an electric fire in the imaging room, the radiographer should switch off the mains isolator switch rather than the on/off switch of the control panel (3pts) (ii)The advantage of a moving grid are less than its disadvantages(3pts) (c)Define stroboscopic effect and explain how it occurs(4pts) (d) Explain why it is important to limit x-ray beam in diagnostic radiography(5pts)

24. 3.a)With reference to a rotating a node x-ray tube state why (i)The focal truck is made of an alloy of tungsten and rhenium(4pts) (ii)The anode stem is made of molybdenum(2pts) (iii)The rotor sleeve is made of copper (2pts) (iv)The tube has a higher rating than stationary anode x-ray tube (4pts) (v)Lubrication of ball bearings is not by oil(2pts) (vi)The central part of the tube is wider than the other parts(4pts)

25. (b)List various materials used in construction of the anode assembly of a modern rotating anode x-ray tube (3pts) (c)A radiographer reports on duty at 8:00 am in the morning . State important steps on the x-ray equipment he should take before calling in the first patient for imaging (4pts) 4.a) Define exposure time (2pts) (b)With the aid of a well labeled diagram describe the operation of an electronic exposure timer(20pts) (c)Explain why exposure switching devices in the high tension circuit must be wholly electronic(3pts)

26. IET MODULE IISPT 2011 Q1a)With the aid of diagram, explain a 4 solid state rectifier.(14mks) (b)Draw the type of waveform from the circuit diagram in (a) above (3mks) (c)If two capacitors were included in(a)a above, draw the waveforms.(3mks) (d)Define secondary radiation grid giving one advantage and one disadvantage(5mks) Q2.a)Describe the construction of a high tension cable(10mks) b)Explain the care while handling high tension cables(5mks)

27. (c)(i)Define a switch(2mks) (ii)Briefly explain the importance of a switch in x-ray equipment system.(3mks) (d)Briefly explain a guard timer in auto timers (5mks) Q3(a)With an aid of a diagram, explain simple electronic timer (20mks) (b)Explain the importance of exposure time in imaging.(3mks) (c)List four materials used in the construction of a secondary radiation grid.(2mks)

28. Q4.a)Explain fine and broad foci in x-ray tubes(6mks) (b)Discuss the circumstances in which it may be sensible to use: Fine focus for abdomen (4mks) Broad focus for skull (4mks) c)Describe rating of an x-ray tube(9mks) d) List two beam centering devices(2mks)

29. IET MODULE II (CAT) 1.a)(i)Give two objective s why radiographers learn imaging Equipment. (2mks) (ii)Define electricity.(5mks) b)Draw the type of waveform you expect from a three phase supply(5mks) (c)Describe the principles of operation of alternator.(13mks) 2(b)A fuse is an electrical safety device and so is a circuit breaker. They protect the equipment from overload currents that can damage the unit and they also protect the radiographer and patient. Explain the difference in the mode of operation of the two as far as equipment protection is concerned (16mks) 3.a)Using block diagram name the difference parts of the filament circuit (8mks ) b)With the aid of diagram explain how radiographic Ma selection is done (10mks) c)Explain why a voltage compensator (manual or automatic) must be incorporated in an x-ray unit(7mks)