i slide presentation on giardia including all introduction

giardia introduction

1. Biological Sciences 318-Parasitology Lab
Professor: Carl Lowenberger ([email protected])
Office SSB 6121 tel 2-3985
Laboratory SSB 6151 tel 2-4391
Lab Instructor Tammy McMullan ([email protected])
Office BISC9241 tel 2-3983
TA Sharra Farivar ([email protected])
Contact via email is best: please put BISC 318 in the subject line and
indicate you are a student in the course!

2. Organization
Handout Materials:
Lab handout materials will be posted on Sunday/Monday before each lab. YOU
should print it out and bring it to the lab.
Lab book! Keep your notes for review, for exam preparation, for the future, or
just to get a good mark. Follow standard procedure for lab notes.
Time schedule ONLINE
LAB 1: Parasitic Protozoa
-Different stations with slides
-Only 1slide per person at a time.
-Don´t break your slides!!!!!
-All organisms of today´s lab will be studied under oil immersion.
-Clean your slides with glass cleaner after using them!
-Don´t give up! It is difficult to recognize and identify today´s samples.

3. Lab Evaluation
Grading:
Lab exam 1 10%
Lab exam 2 10%
Participation: class and lab 5%
Group Presentation 10%
Total 35%
Group Presentation
Each lab will contain 24 students. We will break you up into groups of 4. Each
group will choose a parasitic disease not covered in the course. The group will
present a 20-30 minute presentation on the problems associated with this
parasite and disease and based on this course, other courses, and readings,
propose what might be done differently from current strategies to
reduce/eliminate problems and suffering from with this parasite. Presentations will
be made in the lab sessions in the week of March 24 (subject to change).

4. Protozoan Parasites
WhatareProtozoa–Protista?
•Single-celledeukaryotes
•Somehave>1nucleusduringallorpartoftheirlifecycles
•~5-250µm
Largelyrecognizedafterthedevelopmentofmicroscopes
vanLeeuwenhoekdescribedallsortsofprotozoa
•manyformcysts(protection)
•invadedeveryecologicalnicheimaginable
•nearlyeveryspeciesofmetazoanhasacomplementofprotistslivinginit

5. Protozoa represent a unique type of evolution
Organelles are cellular elaborations performing the
same functions as tissue and organs in “higher
organisms“
•Locomotion and feeding: cilia, flagella, pseudopodia
•Osmoregulation: pulsatory vesicle, contractile vacuole
•Infraciliature: coordinating system of cilia
•Rhoptries: penetration of cells (Apicomplexa)
•Cell covered in 3-layered Plasma membrane

6. Giardia lamblia
Kingdom I Archetista (Archezoa)
Phylum Metamonada
Order Diplomonadida
Amitochondriate flagellated protozoan
Bilaterally symmetrical
Most primitive eukaryotes in existence

7. Organism and Disease Associations
Giardia lamblia, Giardia duodenalis, Giardia intestinalis
Giardiosis (back-packers diarrhea), beaver fever (but no fever)
Hosts and Host Range
Humans, dog, cats, beaver (reservoir), coyote, cattle
Geographic Distribution and Importance
Cosmopolitan
Most commonly reported human intestinal parasitic infection
Sporadic individual infections / epidemic form (drinking water)

8. Morphology
Trophozoite (motile, active feeding stage; vegetative stage)
is pear shaped, 10-20 µm long, 7-10 µm diameter
8 flagella
Binucleate -both nuclei are transcriptionally active
2 rigid median bodies
No mitochondria, peroxisomes, hydrogenosomes or other subcellular
organelles for energy metabolism
Anterior region contains structure for attachment to epithelial cells
Structure is maintained with tubulin and giardins (calcium binding
annexins)
Surface is covered with cysteine-rich molecules
Cysts (protective, infective stage)
ellipsoid
excyst in response to physiological / environmental stimuli
Following a series of stimuli: acid, pancreatic enzymes
Motile parasite divides into 2 binucleate parasites
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9. Morphology
BB
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Slide:Giardia lamblia
trophozoite:
This parasite is generally tear-
drop shaped with two visible
nuclei.
If you use the fine focus knob to
focus in and out on the parasite
you will be able to see the
bi-lobed adhesive disc (smiley
face).
Theory Practice
Slide: Giardia lambliacyst:
Giardia cysts are slightly
smaller than trophozoites and
have 4 visibly distinct nuclei.
A median rod, known as an
axostyles, is often visible down
the centre of the organism.

10. direct
1.Cyst
2.Cyst ingested, swallowed
3.Excysts in duodenum, trophozoites
attach to epithelial cells in small
intestine
4.Division: Binary fission
5.Form cysts feces
Life cycle

11. Pathogenesis
Tissue: small intestine
Nausea, Diarrhea (> 7 days), weight loss, Steatorrhea, Malabsorption
Diagnosis
ELISA
Microscopic examination of stool
trophozoite
cysts

12. Trichomonas vaginalis
Kingdom II Euprotista
Phylum Parabasalia
Order Trichomonadida
Nearly all parasitic
Small flagellates
Only exist as trophozoites

13. Organism and Disease Associations
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonad vaginitis or Trichomoniasis in women
Hosts and Host Range
Humans (men & women)
Geographic Distribution and Importance
Cosmopolitan
Prevalence of infection of 10 –25% among women
Estimated 7.4 million new cases occur each year in women and men (CDC)
Men asymptomatic

14. Morphology
Basal body
Nucleus
Undulating membrane
Axostyle
Terminal flagellum
Karyomastigont apparatus:
•anterior tuft of flagella
•axostyle
•parabasal body (equivalent of GA)
•costa
•costal granules (hydrogenosomesenergy metabolism)
•nucleus
Oval and flagellated

15. 1.Trophozoite
2.Binary fission
3.Direct transmission through sexual
intercourse (no cyst stage)
Life cycle

16. Pathogenesis
Remain and multiply in vagina and cause inflammation of the epithelium.
excessive production of mucus; pain. Can invade other organs such as
kidney
Diagnosis
Microscopic examination vaginal swab, urethal swabs

17. Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba coli
Kingdom II Euprotista
Phylum Rhizopoda
Order Entamoebidae
Amoeba: organism that moves and feeds with pseudopodia.
Parasites (E. histolytica) or commensals (bulk; E. coli) of digestive
system.

18. Organism and Disease Associations
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery
Hosts and Host Range
Mainly humans
But: higher primates, dogs, cats and some rodents
Geographic Distribution and Importance
Cosmopolitan
50 million cases of invasive amoebiasis annually
50000 –100000 deaths
3rd most common cause of parasitic death in the world

19. Morphology
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Slide:Entamoeba histolytica
trophozoite: Trophozoites are
round with large lobular
pseudopodia and a clock-face
nucleus. The nuclear endosome
is typically (but not always)
centrally located.
You may see erythrocytesin in
the cytoplasm, indicating
digestion of erythrocytes.
Theory Practice
Slide:Entamoeba histolytica
cyst: Cysts are smaller
than trophozoites. They contain 4
nuclei and chromatoid bars
(tightly packed messenger
RNA with rounded ends).

20. Morphology
Species 2: Entamoeba coli: Another species that occurs in the intestine of humans. It is a
harmless commensalof the human large intestine, but looks similar to Entamoeba histolytica.
Therefore it is important to be able to distinguish between these two forms.
N
En
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Slide:Entamoeba coli
trophozoite: distinguished from
E. histolyticaby its coarser
chromatin, eccentrically located
endosome and the absence of
erythrocytes in the cytoplasm.
Theory Practice
Slide:Entamoeba coli cyst:
E. colicysts contain 8 nuclei
(compared to 4 nuclei seen in E.
histolytica) and smaller chromatid
bodies that are often filamentous.

21. 1.Cysts and trophozoite in feces
2.Direct transmission; Ingestion of
mature cysts
3.Excystation in small instestine
4.& 5 Tetranucleate amoeba divides
into four amoebas which are carried
to the large intestine.
Life cycle

22. Pathogenesis
Tissue: large intestine (colon, cecum)
Amoebic dysentery, erosion of mucosa and coating of the epithelium in the
intestine, invasion of tissue causing flask-shaped ulcer
can reach the bloodstream
can finally result in peritonitis (bacteria reach abdominal cavity)
Diagnosis
Microscopic examination of stool

23. Balantidium coli
Kingdom II Euprotista
Phylum Ciliophora
Family Balantidiidae
Largest protozoan parasite of humans
Heterokaryotic (i.e. two kinds of nuclei)
Conjugation (temporary union of individuals and interchange of
genetic material)
Only member of its phylum known to be pathogenic to humans

24. Organism and Disease Associations
Balantidium coli
Balantidiosis and balantidial dysentery
Hosts and Host Range
Humans, other primates, swine
Geographic Distribution and Importance
Cosmopolitan
Balantidiasis in humans is common in the Philippines, but it can be
found anywhere in the world, especially among those that are in
close contact with swine

25. Morphology
MiN
FV
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MaN
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Slide:Balantidium coli
trophozoite: trophozoites are
oblong with a prominent kidney
shaped macronucleus and a
smaller micronucleus. B. coliis
uniformly ciliated over its body
but this is rarely visible on these
slides.
Theory Practice
Slide:Balantidium colicyst:
cysts are round with a rounder
and thicker macronucleus.
MiN
MaN

26. 1.Cyst
2.Cyst ingested, swallowed
3.Excysts, Trophozoites
4.Division: Binary fission in small
intestine. Trophozoite then colonize
the large intestine, where they live in
the lumen and feed on the intestinal
flora. Some trophozoites invade the
wall of the colon using proteolytic
enzymes and multiply, and some of
them return to the lumen.
5.Form cysts feces
Life cycle

27. Pathogenesis
In acute disease, explosive diarrhea may occur as often as every twenty
minutes. Perforation of the colon may also occur in acute infections which
can lead to life-threatening situations.
Diagnosis
Microscopic examination of stool
trophozoite
cysts

28. Trichomonas vaginalisGiardia lamblia
Trophozoite Cyst

29. Learning Objectives
1.Know general featrues of protozoans
2.Order Diplomonadida
-Visual IDGiardia lamblia –cyst + troph
-Life cycles and roles of cyst + troph
-Anatomy of troph + cyst
-Transmission: from who, how, what stage, to who
-Tissue where it is found
-Pathology = symptoms and disease
3.Order Trichomonadida
-What makes them special? (2 things)
-Visual ID Trichomonas vaginalis
-Life cycle, anatomy and transmission
4.Order Amoebida, Family Entamoebidae
-How do they move
-Visual ID Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli (trophs + cyst)
-be able to visually differentiate between the two species
-how do they differ in other ways
-Life cycle, Transmission, Epidemiology, Pathology
5.Phyllum Ciliophora, Family Balantidiidae
-Visual ID Balantidium coli troph + cyst
-What makes B.colispecial
-Life cycle, Pathology
-Host, Tissue , Transmission
Vocabulary
Protozoan
Trophozoite
Cyst
Giardiosis
Flagella
Axostyle
Amoeba
Pseudopodia
Pathology
Transmission
Epidemiology
Erythrocyte
Erythrocytosine
Cilia
Commensal
Pathogenic
Endosome
Ulcer