ICT-Lecture_2(History of Generation).pptx

History of Computer

1. History and Development of Computer Week 2

2. Last lecture Summary Course Outline What is a computer? Comparison of Computer with Human Computer for individual use (personal computers) Characteristics of Computer Computer in Society Types of Computer (By size only)

3. Have you ever thought, where did this technology come from and where is the heading? Computers have been around for a very, very, very, long time! Historians have divided the History of Computer into three phases The Dark ages (5000 or 7000 years ago to 1890) The Middle ages (1890 to 1940s) The Modern ages (1940s to date) History of Computers

4. History of Computers Older computers were analog represent data as variable points along a continuous spectrum of values. More flexible but not necessarily more precise and reliable

5. Dark Age (5000 or 7000 years ago to 1890) ABACUS – 5000 or 7000 back: The first calculating device ABACUS was invented in Egypt . The abacus is still in use in some countries especially China, Japan Operations Addition, subtraction, division and multiplication Extract square root and cube root User has to memorize certain rules

6. ABACUS More information on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

7. NAPIER’S BONES Invented by a Scottish named John Napier . He first invented the logarithms in 1617 and he got the idea from printed tables. From the printed tables he made an alternative wherein logarithms values are carved on ivory sticks .

8. SLID E RULE A slide rule can do very difficult calculations engineers and architects were using it before in calculations. Three men developed the slide rule and they were Edmund Gunter, William Oughtred , and Robert Bissaker . It was in 1632 when slide rule was first built in England. It was used in the 1960s by engineers of Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs which landed men on moon.

9. PASCALINE 1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced the first mechanical calculating device. Series of wheels with teeth which could be turned using hands Used to handle 999,999.99 Perform both addition and subtraction.

10. L EIBNIZ C ALCULATOR I n 1671 , Gottfried Wilhelm von invented a special stepped gear mechanism for automatic calculation into the business marketplace day and named it Leibniz calculator . Leibniz Calculator had the ability to add, subtract, multiply, and divide using wheels placed at right angles which could be displaced by a special stepping mechanism, it could perform rapid multiplication or division. Likewise Pascaline , the Leibniz Calculator required operator for device who understand how to turn the wheels (Programming Language) of the calculator .

11. J ACQUARD L OOM In 1804 , French silk weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom that simplifies complex designs & calculations . In his loom a series connected Jacuard cards (Punched cards) were passed over needles pressed against the card. Whenever a hole came up the needle would go through the hole activating the threading mechanism and perform an action at end. The Jacquard cards were later modified and evolved into computing punch cards.

12. Arithmometer Charles Xavior Thomas of France created the first successful mechanical calculator recognized as Arithmometer in 1820 that could add, subtract, multiply and divide. Arithmometer was improved version of earlier inventions. Arithmometer was the first truly successful desktop calculator commercially sold and distributed.

13. Difference Engine 1833: Charles Babbage Professor of Mathematics Cambridge University With Assistance of Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace developed a machine that could store information, calculate numbers and solve algebraic expression.

14. Difference Engine

15. Analytical Engine After Difference Engine, now Babbage want to develop an Analytical Engine, which can perform decimal compute on 50 digits or words and having a storage capacity (memory) of 1,000 digits. Babbage's invented an Analytical Engine in 1833 and soon able to use with punched cards which would be read into the machine from several different reading stations. The machine was supposed to operate automatically, by steam power, and require only one person there. These punch cards were the first true version of a program, as they could be loaded and unloaded from the machine to quickly change from one calculation to another. Babbage inventions are strong base for computing and he is considered as the " Father of Computing ".

16. Middle Age-(1890 to 1940s) Punched Card 1890: Herman Hollerith American Inventor developed devices that were able to read information which had been punched into cards automatically developed a machine called the census machine US Census Bureau. Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols.

17. Punched Cards

18. Z1 computer Konrad Zuse was a engineer in Aircraft Company in Germany is the inventor of the modern computer for automatic calculators. In 1936 he invented Z1 computer to help in lengthy engineering calculations. One of the most difficult aspects of doing a large calculation with either a slide rule or a mechanical adding machine is keeping track of all intermediate results and using them, in their proper place, in later steps of the calculation. Konrad Zuse wanted to overcome that difficulty. He realized that an automatic- calculator device would require three basic elements: a control, a memory, and a calculator.

19. A B C C o m p u t er Professor John Atanasoff and his graduate student Clifford Berry built the electronic-digital computer at Iowa State University in 1942 . The Atanasoff -Berry Computer represented several innovations in computing, including a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, and a separation of memory and computing functions.

20. Modern Age-(1940s to date) Harvard Mark I 1944: Howard Aikens and Grace Hooper developed an electromechanical machine at IBM Called Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Called Mark I by Harvard University Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols

21. Harvard Mark I Built from Switches, Relays, rotating shafts and clutches 765,000 components Hundred of meters of wires Volume Length (51ft) X Height (8 ft) x Depth (2 ft) Weight 4500 kgs Used decimal number systems

22. Harvard Mark I

23. ENIAC 1946 First general purpose electronic computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) Technology used Vacuum tubes 17,468 Crystal Diodes 7,200 Relays 1,500 Transistors 70,000 Capacitors 10,000 Hand soldered joints 1 million

24. ENIAC Weight 27 tons Volume 100 ft (L) X 8 ft ( H) X 3 ft (D) Covers 1800 sq. feet Power consumption 150 kW Uses punch cards Averages 5,000 operations

25. ENIAC

26. Manchester Mark I 1948 First stored program computer, Based on Von Neumann architecture Manchester Mark 1 , built in UK. Using valves , it can perform about 500 operations per second and has the first RAM . It fills a room the size of a small office.

27. Manchester Mark I

28. History of Mini Computers 1965 DEC PDP 8 produced in US First commercially successful minicomputer, Programmed Data Processor (PDP) It sits on a desktop

29. Intel 4004 Microprocessor 1971 Intel 4004, the world’s first commercially available microprocessor. four-bit computer containing 2,300 transistors can perform 60,000 instructions per second. Designed for use in a calculator Sells for $200

30. Floppy Disks 1972 : 5.25-inch floppy diskettes are introduced providing a portable way to store and move data from machine to machine.

31. Intel 8008 Microprocessors Intel announces the 8008 chip. 2-MHz, eight-bit microprocessor can access 64 KB of memory used a two-byte addressing structure over 6000 transistors on one chip can perform640,000 instructions per second. Motorola introduces the 6800 microprocessor. 8 bit processor used primarily in industrial and automotive devices.

32. Altair 880 (First Micro computr ) 1975, first commercially available microcomputer 64 KB of memory open 100-line bus structure. sells for $397 in kit form or $439 assembled.

33. Apple I 1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs build the Apple I computer. less powerful than the Altair, but also less expensive and less complicated. Users must connect their own keyboard and video display, and have the option of mounting the computer’s motherboard in any container they choose — whether a metal case, a wooden box, or a briefcase.

34. Osborne I 1981 First portable computer, Osborne 1, produced. At the size and weight of a sewing machine, much less convenient than current portable computers. weighs about 22 pounds Two 5.25-inch floppy drives, 64 KB of RAM, and a five-inch monitor but no hard drive. based on the z80 processor, runs the CP/M operating system, and sells for $1,795. The Osborne 1 comes with WordStar (a word processing application) and Super-Calc (a spreadsheet application). It is a huge success.

35. Osborne I

36. IBM PC 1981, IBM introduces the IBM-PC 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 CPU, 16 KB of memory, a keyboard, a monitor, one or two 5.25-inch floppy drives, and A price tag of $2,495

37. Apple 1984 Apple Macintosh computer becomes first successful personal computer with a mouse and easy to use Graphic User Interface (GUI).

38. Windows, and Laser Jet Intel releases the 80386 processor (also called the 386), a 32-bit processor that can address more than four billion bytes of memory and performs 10 times faster than the 80286. Aldus releases Page-Maker for the Macintosh, the first desktop publishing software for microcomputers. Microsoft announces the Windows 1.0 operating environment, featuring the first graphical user interface for PCs mirroring the interface found the previous year on the Macintosh. Hewlett-Packard introduces the LaserJet laser printer, featuring 300 dpi resolution.

39. Generation of Computers Generation Dates Characteristic 1st 1944-59 Use Valves (Vacuum tubes) 2nd 1959-64 Use transistors 3rd 1964-75 Large Scale Integrated Circuits 4th 1975-Present Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits 5th Present-Beyond “Artificial Intelligence” based computers

40. 1986 IBM delivers the PC convertible, IBM’s first laptop computer and the first Intel-based computer with a 3.5-inch floppy disk drive. First Laptop Computer

41. 1986 First International Conference on CD-ROM technology is held in Seattle, hosted by Microsoft. Compact discs are seen as the storage medium of the future for computer users. Compact Disk (CD)

42. IBM unveils new PS/2 line of computers, featuring a 20-MHz 80386 processor. IBM used Video Graphics Array (VGA) monitor offering 256 colors at 320 X 200 resolution, and 16 colors at 640 X 480. Macintosh II with Motorola 68030 1987

43. Intel releases 80486 chip World Wide Web created at CERN for use by scientific researchers Microsoft introduced Word for Windows Previously, Word for DOS had been the second-highest-selling word processing package behind WordPerfect. 1989

44. The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) replaces ARPANET as the backbone of the Internet. Motorola announces its 32-bit microprocessor, the 68040, incorporating 1.2 million transistors 1990 ARPANET

45. Microsoft releases Windows 3.0, shipping one million copies in four months. 1990 Microsoft Windows

46. Linus Torvalds releases the source code for Linux 0.01 (a clone of UNIX for the 80386 personal computer) on the Internet. Apple Computer launches the PowerBook series of battery powered portable computers. RISC based chips are used in Power PC microprocessors 1991

47. Internet becomes the world’s largest electronic mail network. Microsoft ships the Windows 3.1 operating environment, including improved memory management and TrueType fonts. IBM introduces its ThinkPad laptop computer. 1992

48. Microsoft ships the Windows NT operating system. IBM ships its first RISC-based RS/6000 workstation, featuring the PowerPC 601 chip developed jointly by Motorola, Apple, and IBM. 1993

49. Intel releases the Pentium Pro microprocessor. Motorola releases the PowerPC 604 chip, developed jointly with Apple and IBM. Microsoft releases its Windows 95 operating system Netscape Communications captures more than 80 % of the World Wide Web browser market, Going from a start-up company to a $2.9 billion company in one year. Sun Microsystems create the Java development language. Because it enables programmers to develop applications that will run on any platform, Power Computing ships the first-ever Macintosh clones, the Power 100 series with a PowerPC 601 processor. eBay , the premier online auction house, is formed. 1995

50. Intel announces the 200 MHz Pentium processor U.S. Robotics releases the PalmPilot , a personal digital assistant Microsoft adds Internet connection capability to its Windows 95 operating system. Sun Microsystems introduces the Sun Ultra workstation that includes a 64-bit processor. 1996

51. Intel announces MMX technology which increases the multimedia capabilities of a micro-processor. Also, Intel announces the Pentium II microprocessor. It has speeds of up to 333 MHz. Digital Video/Versatile Disc (DVD) technology is introduced. 1997

52. Microsoft releases the Windows 98 operating system It also offers improved Internet-related features, including a built-in copy of the Internet Explorer Web browser Apple Computer releases the colorful iMac, an all-in one system geared to a youthful market 1998

53. Intel unveils the Pentium III processor, which features 9.5 million transistors With its Athlon microprocessor, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) finally releases a Pentium-class chip that outperforms the Pentium III processor Peter Merholz coins the term blog, a contraction of Web-log The Internet Assigned Number Agency begins assigning Internet Protocol addresses using the new IPv6 addressing structure 1999

54. Y2K issue No major damage resulted from the “millennium date change Microsoft introduces Windows 2000 on February 17. biggest commercial software project ever attempted involving 5,345 full-time participants 2000

55. Microsoft releases the Windows XP OS XP version of Microsoft Office also is unveiled. Several versions of recordable DVD discs and drives produced DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RAM 2001

56. Apple introduces OS X, a new OS for Macintosh computers based on BSD (Berkley Software Distribution) Unix with a beautiful graphical interface Apple introduces the iPod premier music player with a 5 GB internal hard disk that will store 1,000 CD-quality songs 2001

57. OpenOffice.org announces the release of OpenOffice.org 1.0, A free, full-featured suite of productivity applications compatible with the file formats used by Microsoft Office and many other office suites. An open-source alternative to expensive application suites OpenOffice.org runs under Windows, Solaris, Linux, the Mac OS, and other operating systems. 2002 Open Office

58. Microsoft launches its .NET strategy New environment for development and running s/w applications featuring ease of use and web based services DVD writers begins to replace CD writers Digital Video cameras are introduced Tablet PC is introduced as next generation mobile PC Intel ships Pentium 4 chip with Hyper Threading (HT) technology, 3.06GHz 2002

59. Microsoft launches MS Office 2003 More than 400 million people in 175 nations and 70 languages are using a version Office Latest OS include support for Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and Bluetooth standards Use of wireless keyboards, mouse devices, home networks and wireless internet access points become common Apple opens an online music store iTunes Offering more than 200,000 titles at $0.99 each 2003

60. Apple iTunes sold nearly 20 million songs USB Flash drives are produced Flat Panel LCD monitors Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) tags are introduced Smart Phones overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device of choice. Apple Computer introduces iMac G5 Computer display device contains the system unit 2004

61. Apple releases the latest version of iPod Portable Microsoft introduces Visual studio 2005 Microsoft releases the Xbox 360 game console Blogging and podcasting become mainstream 2005

62. Sony launches its PlayStation 3 Google becomes the most used search engine capturing 54% of market share Intel introduces Core 2 Duo processor family Contains 291 million transistors Apple begins selling Macintosh computers with Intel microprocessors IBM produces the fastest supercomputer called Blue Gene/L Perform 28 trillion calculations in a blink of an eye i.e. about 1/10 th of a second 2006

63. Microsoft releases Office 2007 suite Microsoft Windows Vista OS is introduced. Blu -ray and HD DVD increase in popularity Intel introduces Core 2 Quad Four core processor made for dual processor servers and desktop computers Larger number of cores allows for more energy-efficient performance Apple introduced iPhone and sells 270,000 phones in first 2 days 2007

64. Microsoft introduces Windows server 2008 Successor to Windows server 2003 Online social networks continue to grow in popularity MySpace, Facebook and Twitter are the most widely used Combined social networking Websites total almost 1 billion users YouTube continues to gain users WiMAX goes live Capability to access video, music, voice and video calls wherever and whenever desired Average download speeds between 2-4 Mbps 2008

65. Apple releases the original iPad. Apple releases the iPhone 4. 2010 Intel announces the commercialization of 3D transistors, a variant of the  FinFET . The first Chromebooks, by Acer and Samsung, go on sale. The first 4 terabyte hard drive is released by Seagate. 2011 The online currency Bitcoin is released. Apple launches Mac OS X Snow Leopard (v10.6). Microsoft releases Windows 7. 2009

66. 2012 Raspberry Pi, a bare-bones, low-cost credit-card sized computer created by volunteers mostly drawn from academia and the UK tech industry, is released to help teach children to code. Intel demonstrates its Next Unit of Computing, a motherboard measuring only 4 × 4 in (10 × 10 cm) TDK demonstrates a 2 terabyte hard drive on a single 3.5-inch platter. Microsoft releases the operating system Windows 8. 2013 Apple releases the first Retina Display MacBook Pros. Apple releases the iPhone 5S, powered by the Apple A7 system-on-chip which the company proclaimed to be the first 64 bit processor to be used on a smartphone. Sony releases the PlayStation 4 in the United States and Europe. Microsoft releases Xbox One.

67. The first 8 terabyte hard drive is released by Seagate. Google releases the 64-bit version of Chrome for Windows. Intel unveiled its first eight-core desktop processor, the Intel Core i7-5960X. 2014 Microsoft releases the operating system Windows 10. AlphaGo was the first Go AI computer program developed by Google to defeat a professional human opponent on a full-sized board without handicap. 2015

68. The High Bandwidth Memory 2 standard is released by JEDEC. Fixstars Solutions releases the world's first 13 TB SSD. Scientists at MIT created the first five-atom quantum computer with the potential to crack the security of traditional encryption schemes. Samsung releases the Galaxy Note 7. 2016 Nintendo releases the hybrid gaming console Nintendo Switch. 2017 Lexar announces the first SD card in which could store 1 terabyte. Apple released the iPhone 11. Google claims to have Achieved Quantum supremacy. 2019

69. History of Computer Dark Age: ABACUS, PASCALINE, Differential Engine etc. Middle Age: PUNCH CARDS Modern Age: MARK I, ENIAC I INTEL and MOTOROLA processors Floppy and Compact Disks Generations of Computer IBM, APPLE, Microsoft, AMD First portable Computer: Osborn I Developments from 1987 to 2019 Summary