identification of kharif weeds.pptx includes Echinochloa, cyperus cynodon

identification of kharif weeds.pptx includes Echinochloa, cyperus cynodon

1. Identification of weeds in kharif season crops

2. What’s a Weed? Weeds are the plants, which grow where they are not wanted ( Jethro Tull , 1731).Weeds can also be referred to as plants out of place. Weeds are unwanted or undesirable plants compete with crops for water, soil nutrients, light and space (i.e. CO2) and thus reduce crop yields.

3. Losses of Agriculture The total annual loss of agricultural produce 1. weed 45% 2. insects 30% 3. diseases 20% 4. Other pests

4. Problems due to Weeds Nutrient losses Water losses Light penetration Space competition Insects and diseases Increase cost of production Low quality crops Allelopathic effect

5. There are over 30,000 species of weeds round the world. Out of these about 18,000 are known to cause losses. There are many ways on which weeds can be classified into groups for convenience of planning, interpreting and recording control measures against them. The weeds with similar morphological characters, life cycle, requirements of soil , water, climatic condition etc are grouped together as a class or category. Therefore classification of weeds is helpful for adopting weed management methods for particular group of weeds instead of against an individual weed species. It is always economical and practically feasible to manage the group of weeds as compared to manage the individual weed species. Classification of weeds

6. Classification of Weeds According to Life Cycle: Depending upon their life cycle weeds can be classified as 1) Annual Weeds : - They complete their life cycle within one year or one season. a) Kharif Annuals / Kharif Weeds : They appear with the onset of monsoon (June, July) and complete their life cycle when rainy season is over (Oct or Nov) E.g Cock’s comb, dudhi , parthenium etc. b) Rabi Annuals / Rabi Weeds: They complete their life cycle during winter season ( Oct/Nov to Feb) E.g Vasanvel ( Chenopodium album) , Ghol ( Portulaca oleracea ), wild oat etc. c) Summer Annuals / Summer Weeds: They complete their life cycle during summer season ( Feb to May), Majority of the Kharif seaosn weeds grow during summer season in irrigated farming E. g Parthenium , Amaranthus spp. Euphorbia Spp. ( Dudhi ) etc.

7. 2) Biennial Weeds: They take at least two years or two seasons to complete their life cycle. They complete their vegetative growth in first year or season and produce flowers and seeds in the next year or season. E.g Wild carrot- ( Daucas carota ), wild onion – ( Asphodelus spp ) , Jangli gobhi - ( Launea spp ). 3) Perennial Weeds: They continue or grow for more than two years or several years.

8. Some kharif season weeds ( Grasses) Sl. No. Common name Scientific name Family 1 Jungle rice Echinochloa colonum Poaceae 2 Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgali poaceae 3 Doob grass Cynodon dactylon poaceae 4  Indian goosegrass Eleusine indica poaceae

9. Echinochloa colonum ( Jungle rice) Common names:- Jungle rice, awnless barnyard grass, corn panic grass, deccan grass, jungle rice grass, shama millet Description  Jungle rice ( Echinochloa colona  (L.) Link) is an annual (rarely perennial) grass, 30-100 cm high. It is green to purple, tufted and shortly stoloniferous . Its culms are glabrous , cylindrical, erect and decumbent. They are red purple at their base and can root at the lower nodes. The leaves are flat, 10 to 25 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, sometimes tinged with red at their base. The inflorescence is green to purple, 6-12 cm long and bears 4-8 short racemes on the main axis. The sessile awnless spikelets are arranged in 4 rows on one side of the racemes Host of diseases It is a host of rice viral diseases such as tungro  

10. Echinochloa colonum ( Jungle rice)

11. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Habit :- An annual grass, 1m or taller. Stem : - Culms stout, erect to decumbent, often branching from the base. Leaves :- Sheath glabrous, ligule absent or occasionally represented by a rim of very short hairs, leaf blades glabrous, elongate, 5-15 mm wide, light green. Flowers :- Panicle erect, green or purpletinged,10-20 cm long. Racemes numerous, 2-4 cm long, spreading, ascending, sometimes branched. Fruits:- Caryopsis ovate, obtuse, usually 2.5-3.5 mm long. Seed white to hyaline with longitudinal ridges on the convex surface.

12. Echinochloa crus-galli commonly known as  cockspur  (or  cockspur grass ),  barnyard millet ,  Japanese millet ,  water grass ,  common barnyard grass , or simply  "barnyard grass"  . This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. Most stems are upright, but some will spread out over the ground. Stems are flattened at the base. The seed heads are a distinctive feature, often purplish, with large millet-like seeds in crowded  spikelets .

13. Echinochloa crusgali (Barnyard grass)

14. Cynodon dactylon

15.   Eleusine indica (Indian goosegrass ) Eleusine indica , the  Indian goosegrass , yard- grass , goosegrass .

16. Some kharif season weeds (Broad-leaf weeds ) Sl. No. Common name Scientific name Family 1 Bari dudhi Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae 2 False daisy Eclipta alba Compositeae 3 Ban makoy Solanum nigrum Solanaceae 4 Horse purslane Trianthema portulacastrum Aizoceae 5 Large Crab grass Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae

17. Eclipta alba

18. Some kharif season weeds (Sedges ) Sl. No. Common name Scientific name Family 1 Motha (Nut sedge) Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae 2 Variable flatsedge Cyperus difformis cyperaceae 3 Rice flat sedge Cyperus iria cyperaceae 4 Poorland flatsedge Cyperus compressus cyperaceae

19. Cyperus rotundus

20. Cyperus difformis

21. Cyperus iria

22. Cyperus compressus

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