Ieee institute of electrical and electronics engineers

IEEE standards

1. IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers What is IEEE? International non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. It has more than 419,000 members in around 160 countries. IEEE members are engineers, scientist and allied professional whose technical interest are rooted in electrical and computer science.

2. What IEEE do? Produces 30 percent of the world literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields. Sponsors or cosponsors more than 300 international technical conference each year. Publishes an extensive range of peer-reviewed journals, Major international standards body (nearly 1300 active standards with around 700 under development) IEEE core purpose is to foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity

3. IEEE 802 standards IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs and MANs which defines an LLC (Logic link layer ) and MAC (Media access control) sub layers. The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs (802.1), Ethernet Family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and wireless LAN (802.11).

4. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet based networks The mac layer uses CSMA/CD ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) technology. Ethernet technologies are used in LANs, but hey can also be used in the MANs and even WANs. Some popular Versions of 802.3 are- IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5. It used a thick single coaxial cable into which a connection can be tapped by drilling into the cable to the core. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500m. Bus topology is used.

5. IEEE 802.3a : This gave the standard for thin coaxial (10BASE-2), this was the thinner variety where the segments of coaxial cables are connected by BNC connectors. The 2 refers to the maximum segment length of about 200m (185m to be precise).Bus topology is used. IEEE 802.3i: This gave the standard for twisted pair (10BASE-T) that uses unshielded twisted pair (UTP) copper wires as physical layer medium. The further variations were given by IEEE 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 and 100BASE-FX. Star topology is used. It is more expensive  This gave the standard for Ethernet over Fiber (10BASE-F) that uses fiber optic cables as medium of transmission.

6. IEEE 802.5 Token Rings It was founded in 1985, in which participants were connected through LAN . They were connected in a form a logical ring. It has the transmission speed of 4 or 16 Mbit/s. Mac sublayers were used in token ring technology. In this a special bit pattern called the token circulates around the ring whenever all computers were idle.

7. IEEE 802.11 Wireless 802.11 is wireless LAN family popularly known as WiFi . It uses high-frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices in LAN. Multiple user can connect to this network at a time. Connected users can move around within the area of network. provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band It uses FHSS or DSSS for the transmission. The components of 802.11 are 1. Stations 2. Basic service set

8. Stations:- Stations are comprises of all the devices and equipment that are connected to wireless LAN. It can be a router which is a wireless Access point and clients (the users). BBS ( Basic Services Set ):- A Basic service set is a group of stations communicating at the physical layer level. BSS is of two types Infrastructure BSS- the devices communicate or share data through access point. Independent BSS- devices communicate in a peer-to-peer basis in an ad-hoc manner.

9. FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) It is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the carrier frequency among many different frequencies from large spectral band. It is done by code which is known both at transmitter and receiver end. It also avoid interference between two signal and enables CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). The frequency band is divided into sub-bands. Signals rapidly change “hop” their carrier frequency in predetermined order. It is highly resistant to narrowband interferences , these signals are difficult to intercept , jamming is also difficult .

10. DSSS (Direct sequence spread spectrum) It is a spread spectrum modulation techniques primarily used to reduce overall signal interference. It makes the transmitted signal wider in bandwidth than the information bandwidth. Dispreading or removal of direct spreading sequence modulation at the receiver, the information bandwidth is restored. Unintentional and intentional interferences is substantially reduced.

11. 802.11 Family There are several specification in 802.11 IEEE family 802.11 :- Applies to the wireless LAN and provides 1or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4Ghz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or (DSSS) Direct sequence spread Spectrum 802.11a:- An extension to 802.11 that applies to the wireless LANs and provides up to 54Mbps in the 5Ghz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DHSS. Supports number of users per room . Unaffected by the 2.4GHz devices. Coverage limited to 1 room.

12. 3. 802.11b :- It is referred as high rate WIFI. It is also a extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provide 11 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS . It allows the wireless functionality comparable to the ethernet. Low price excellent speed and signal range. Coverage penetrates most walls . Works with the public hotspots. 4. 802.11e :- It is an enhancement to the 802.11a and 802.11b wireless LAN (WLAN) specifications. 802.11e adds QoS( Quality of service) features and multimedia support to the existing IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11a wireless standards, while maintaining full backward compatibility with these standards. 5.802.11g :- Applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. Better value , provides 5times the speed of 802.11b. Excellent signal range. Coverage penetrates most number of walls.

13. 6. 802.11n:- It is an technology build upon previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple output (MIMO). It has additional transmitter and receiver antennas allows for increased data throughput through Spatial multiplexing. Increases the range by exploiting the spatial diversity through Alamouti coding. Its speed is 100Mbps , up to 4-5 times faster than 802.11g. Offers better operating distance than current networks. 7. 802.11ac (802.11ac wave2 ):- It is 2013 update on the 802.11ac wireless specification. It utilizes MU-MIMO technology to help increase theoretical maximum wireless speeds from 3.47 Gbps in the original spec to 6.93 Gbps in 802.11ac Wave 2. It is increasing the wireless speed up to 3 times as with the specification of 802.11n.

14. 8. 802.11ad :- It is a wireless specification under development that will operate in the 60GHz frequency band and offer much higher transfer rates than previous 802.11 specifications, with a theoretical maximum transfer rate of up to 7Gbps (Gigabits per second). 9. 802.11ah :- It is a wireless LAN specification developed by IEEE. It is also known as WIFI LOW because it operates below than 1GHz, it operates on 900MHz . But the range is twice than previous WIFI. It is well fitted for the IOT(Internet of things) devices used in smart homes and smart cities, connected cars, digital health care markets and industrial and retail environments. It likely to compete with the Bluetooth technology and products in many areas.

15. 10. 802.11r:- It is also called Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) , Supports VoWiFi hand-off between access points to enable VoIP on a Wi-Fi network with 802.1x authentication. 11. 802.11ax :- It is also known as Wi-Fi 6 . Has improvement on Wi-Fi 5 with more speed, bandwidth and security. Comparison of IEEE 802.11 Standards IEEE Standard RF Used Spread Spectrum Data Rate (in Mbps) 802.11 2.4GHz DSSS 1 or 2 802.11 2.4GHz FHSS 1 or 2 802.11a 5GHz OFDM 54 802.11b 2.4GHz DSSS 11 802.11g 2.4Ghz DSSS 54 802.11n 2.4/5GHz OFDM 600 (theoretical)

16. IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN Wireless Personal are network 802.15 i.e. also known as the Bluetooth Developed by Ericson now managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group 2.4-2.48 GHz ISM band is used. coverage/ range of Bluetooth is about 10m. Bandwidth -2.1 Mbps shared Low power Consumption Used in mobile phones, laptops, computers peripherals devices, printers , headphones etc.

17. Bluetooth Applications Cable replacement :- phone to pc connection can be done without using the wires/cables. Connecting the computer devices Multiparty data exchange :- Exchange business cards, photos , music , calendar events within seconds. Play multi-player games. Personal trusted devices :- Reliable e-commerce transaction , Local value added services ,Locking and access control

18. IEEE 802.15.4 It is also known as ZigBee created by ZigBee alliance. Provides high level communication used to create personal area network with small, low-power digital radios, such as home automation, medical device collection and other low-bandwidth needs. Low data rate Low complexity circuits and small size i.e. low cost Can be used with Star topology , mesh topology and cluster tree topology Range is between 10m-100m

19. IEEE 802.16 WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for microwave Access) It used to Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN) It specifies the air interface for fixed, portable, and mobile broadband wireless access systems supporting multimedia services. WiMAX provides wireless broadband services with a target range of 50 kilometers at a transmission rate of 100 Mbps. Designed to point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topologies but mainly deployed for point to multipoint topologies.

20. 802.16 versions it has three major versions 802.16-2001, 802.16-2004, 802.16-2005 802.16-2001 :- Addresses fixed line of sight connections and operates in the licensed frequency range between 10GHz and 66 GHz. It has maximum coverage of 5km. 802.16-2004 (802.16d) :- designed for lower frequency range , supports Non-Line of Sight operations. Operates with a range of 50km with 75Mbps. IEEE 802.16-2005(802.16e):- Supports mobility between fixed base stations and mobile devices. Provides 70Mbps. Operates on the frequency range between 2-6 GHz.

21. IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) is a protocol standard designed for the optimized transport of data traffic over optical fiber ring network. There were many amendments from 2000 to 2004 , the amended standards re 802.17a through 802.17d last one was adopted in 2011. Provides the packet based transmission to increase the efficiency of ethernet and IP services. The three class os services are class A, class B and class C .

22. Class A :- class A or High class, its traffic is pure committed information rate (CIR) and is designed to supports the application requiring low latency and jitter like as voice or video. Class B :- class B or medium class traffic is mix of both CIR and excess information rate( EIR) . Class C :- also known as low class is best suited for the traffic, utilizing whatever bandwidth is available . Supports Internet Traffic.

23. IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access was a specification by the standards association of IEEE for mobile wireless internet access networks. It was published in the 2008. MWA is no longer being actively developed.

24. References https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/token-ring/ https://standards.ieee.org/standard/index.html?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=find&utm_medium=std&utm_term=find%20standards&_ga=2.155431611.1699564811.1609919460-835373437.1609919460 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.20 https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=21776 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzL8lOlGgUc