IGCSE First and 2nd language Paraphrasing techniques.ppt

Papraphrasing techniques for IGCSE
IGCSE Paraphrasing Summary

1. PARAPHRASIN
G
LO:
-To understand the various strategies to paraphrasing.
- To practice using the different paraphrasing techniques
in writing

2. Paraphrasing Techniques
1.Change to Synonyms
2.Change Word Forms
3.Change from a Clause to a Phrase
4.Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech
5.Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice
6.Interpret Meaning/ Identify the underlying
meaning of a statement.
7.Change Transitions

3. What is paraphrasing?
•Rewriting the information from an outside source
in your own words without changing the meaning.
•You include nearly all information of the content,
so paraphrase is almost as long as the original
passage.

4. How to paraphrase effectively?
•Use your own words and your own sentence
structure
•Make your paraphrase approximately the same
lenght as the original
•Do not change the meaning of the original

5. 1.Change to Synonyms
• Replace the original words with words
that mean the same.
The stallion was content with the food.
The stallion was happy with the food.

6. When You can’t find a
Synonym
•Replace the original word with a definition.
The stallion was content with the sustenance.
The male horse was happy with the food.

7. 2.Change Word Forms
•Use an adverb instead of an adjective
•Use a verb to replace a noun.
John is an accurate driver.
John drives accurately.

8. 3.Change from a Clause to a
Phrase
After he ate lunch, John took a nap.
After eating lunch, John took a nap.
The house that is across the street is old.
The house across the street is old.

9. 4.Change from Quoted Speech
to Indirect Speech
Mrs. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.”
Mrs. Lee said she was ready for lunch.

10. 5.Change from Active Voice to
Passive Voice
A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

11. ……and replace with words
synonyms.
A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.
Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

12. 6.Interpret Meaning
Identify the underlying meaning of a
statement.
Mrs. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.”
Mrs. Lee complained about being hungry.

13. 7.Change transitions
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

14. …… and change word forms
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.

15. 8.Combine Techniques
Change to a phrase & add synonyms
or definitions
After he ate lunch, John took a nap.
After eating lunch, John slept a little.

16. 8.Combine Techniques
Change to a phrase & add synonyms
or definitions
The house that is across the street is old.
The house across the street is old.
The house on the other side of the street is old.
The dwelling on the other side of the road is
ancient.

17. EXAMPLE OF A PARAGRAPH FROM
THE ORIGINAL SOURCE:
"I had to explain to him that I was deaf. I said, 'Wait;
I can't hear; please talk slowly.' He looked at me and
said, 'What?' I told him again I was deaf, and he said,
'Oh.' He pointed to a door and told me to go
through that door. I followed his instructions. I
opened the door and walked through it, closing the
door behind me. I found that I was in the hallway
near the elevator where I had just come up. I was
shocked! He had rejected me without any
explanation. I got into the elevator, and as it
descended, I felt very letdown. I couldn't understand
why he didn't give me a chance to explain that I
could do the job well. It didn't require hearing!“
- Bernard Bragg, My First Summer Job , A Handful of
Stories , 19.

18. A POSSIBLE PARAPHRASE FOR THE
ABOVE PARAGRAPH (ANSWER)
In A Handful of Stories , Bernard Bragg tells
a story of trying to get a job. One time he
told a potential employer he was deaf, and
the man just pointed to the door. Mr. Bragg,
not realizing the man was telling him to
leave, opened the door and stepped out. Not
until he went out the door did he realize he
had been rejected because he was deaf (19).

19. PARAPHRASING
EXERCISES
Read the following passages
carefully and write a
paraphrase of each one.

20. EXERCISE 1
Lead has been known to be a poison for
many centuries. In fact, there is evidence
that it contributed to the fall of the Roman
Empire. There is no doubt that in the
second century BC Rome’s wealthy ruling
class suffered from a disproportionately
high level of stillbirths, sterility and brain
damage. And a high lead content has been
found in the bones of such ancient Romans.
One widely supported hypothesis is that the
cause of both facts was lead poisoning from
leaden wine-cups and plates which only the
rich could afford.
(Williams 1982, p. 83).

21. EXERCISE 2
In modern times, over 90% of
atmospheric lead poisoning comes
from car exhausts, as a result of the
burning of leaded petrol. Lead
poisoning is therefore a particularly
serious threat in cities, especially to
young children who live near busy city
streets. But atmospheric lead
pollution is even having a global
effect.
(Williams, 1982, p. 83).

22. EXERCISE 3
Demography is the study of the change in size,
distribution and character of the human
population; and the two most basic factors in
demography are the birth-rate and the death-
rate. The former expresses the number of
children born per thousand people per year.
The latter indicates the number of people who
die per thousand people per year. If we
consider the Earth as a whole, we see that the
population growth or decline is caused by the
difference between the number or births and
deaths over a given period. There are normally
more births than deaths, and this is known as
a natural increase in population.
(Williams, 1982, p. 97).