Iluminismo presentación y explicación de los pensadores

¿Qué es el iluminismo? Movimiento ideológico, racionalista y crítico nacido en Francia durante el siglo XVIII. Este movimiento le dio otros nombres al siglo, como el de las “Nuevas Ideas, “Siglo de las Luces” o “Siglo de la Razón”. Estas “Nuevas Ideas” tenían como objetivo “iluminar” es decir, descubrir a través de la luz de la razón, al
mundo y al hombre, y terminar con la ignorancia y la superstición, creando un mundo, atacando el absolutismo, la intolerancia religiosa, al mercantilismo y a todo lo relacionado al Antiguo Régimen.

1. ¿Qué fue e l iluminismo? 2° año

2. Movimiento ideológico, racionalista y crítico nacido en Francia durante el siglo XVIII. Este movimiento le dio otros nombres al siglo, como el de las “Nuevas Ideas, “Siglo de las Luces” o “Siglo de la Razón”. Estas “Nuevas Ideas” tenían como objetivo “iluminar” es decir, descubrir a través de la luz de la razón, al mundo y al hombre, y terminar con la ignorancia y la superstición, creando un mundo, atacando el absolutismo, la intolerancia religiosa, al mercantilismo y a todo lo relacionado al Antiguo Régimen.

3. Dos principios guiaban al pensamiento ilustrado: La Razón: Se sostenía que el hombre por sí mismo podía llegar a conocer la verdad (por su capacidad de pensar o razonar). Esto debía ser acompañado por una actitud crítica hacia todo lo que recibía del pasado y a las verdades absolutas. El progreso: era entendido como la etapa final de plenitud y felicidad, al cual podía llegar el hombre por medio de la razón. Este progreso podía ser material pero también moral.

4. En el siglo XVII algunos pensadores evidenciaron que la clave para que la burguesía alcance sus proyectos giraba en torno al concepto de LIBERTAD INDIVIDUAL. El pensamiento político de la Ilustración se basa en dos teorías: Teoría del derecho natural: afirma que desde que los hombres existen poseen una serie de derechos universales que se los conoce a través de la razón Teoría del contrato: afirma que los hombres vivían en un principio en un “estado de naturaleza” sin ningún tipo de organización política y social. En un momento determinado deciden unirse formando una comunidad con las autoridades llamada “sociedad civil”. Este pasaje del estado de naturaleza a la sociedad civil, se realiza mediante un “contrato”. Las ideas de la Ilustración pusieron en tela de juicio a la monarquía absoluta y el origen divino del poder de los reyes. PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO DE LA ILUSTRACIÓN

5. Thomas Hobbes ( Westport , Inglaterra, 1588 - Hardwick Hall, id., 1679) Filósofo inglés. Para él, el hombre en estado natural es antisocial por naturaleza y sólo se mueve por el deseo y el temor. Su primera ley natural, que es la autoconservación, lo induce a imponerse sobre los demás, de donde se deriva una situación de permanente conflicto: «la guerra de todos contra todos», en la que «el hombre es un lobo para el hombre». Para poder construir una sociedad es necesario, pues, que cada individuo renuncie a una parte de sus deseos y llegue a un acuerdo mutuo de no aniquilación con los demás. Se trata de establecer un «contrato social», de transferir los derechos que el hombre posee naturalmente sobre todas las cosas en favor de un soberano dotado de derechos ilimitados. Este monarca absoluto, cuya soberanía no reside en el derecho divino sino en los derechos transferidos, sería el único capaz de hacer respetar el contrato social y garantizar, así, el orden y la paz, ejerciendo el monopolio de la violencia, que desaparecería de este modo de la relación entre individuos.

6. John Locke (Wrington, Somerset, 1632 - Oaks, Essex, 1704) . Locke defendió la separación de poderes como forma de equilibrarlos entre sí e impedir que ninguno degenerara hacia el despotismo; pero, por inclinarse por la supremacía de un poder legislativo representativo de la mayoría, se puede también considerar a John Locke como un teórico de la democracia, hacia la que acabarían evolucionando los regímenes liberales. Por legítimo que fuera, sin embargo, ningún poder debería sobrepasar determinados límites (de ahí la idea de ponerlos por escrito en una Constitución). Este tipo de ideas inspirarían al liberalismo anglosajón (reflejándose puntualmente en las constituciones de Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos) e, indirectamente, también al del resto del mundo (a través de ilustrados franceses, como Montesquieu, Voltaire y Rousseau)

7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Ginebra, Suiza, 1712 - Ermenonville, Francia, 1778) Filósofo suizo. Junto con Voltaire y Montesquieu, se le sitúa entre los grandes pensadores de la Ilustración en Francia. sus ideas políticas y sociales preludiaron la Revolución Francesa, su sensibilidad literaria se anticipó al romanticismo y, por los nuevos y fecundos conceptos que introdujo en el campo de la educación, se le considera el padre del pedagogía moderna. En El contrato social (1762), Rousseau intenta articular la integración de los individuos en la comunidad; las exigencias de libertad del ciudadano han de verse garantizadas a través de un contrato social ideal que estipule la entrega total de cada asociado a la comunidad, de forma que su extrema dependencia respecto de la ciudad lo libere de aquella que tiene respecto de otros ciudadanos y de su egoísmo particular. La voluntad general señala el acuerdo de las distintas voluntades particulares, por lo que en ella se expresa la racionalidad que les es común, de modo que aquella dependencia se convierte en la auténtica realización de la libertad del individuo, en cuanto ser racional.

8. Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet; París, 1694 - 1778) Escritor francés. Figura intelectual dominante de su siglo y uno de los principales pensadores de la Ilustración, dejó una obra literaria heterogénea y desigual, de la que resaltan sus relatos y libros de polémica ideológica. Como filósofo, Voltaire fue un genial divulgador, y su credo laico y anticlerical orientó a los teóricos de la Revolución Francesa. Voltaire fue un hombre que defendió hasta las últimas consecuencias la libertad de expresión y la tolerancia. Critico del absolutismo.

9. Barón de Montesquieu El pensamiento de Montesquieu debe enmarcarse en el espíritu crítico de la Ilustración francesa, con el que compartió los principios de tolerancia religiosa, aspiración a la libertad y denuncia de viejas instituciones inhumanas como la tortura o la esclavitud; pero Montesquieu se alejó del racionalismo abstracto y del método deductivo de otros filósofos ilustrados para buscar un conocimiento más concreto, empírico, relativista y escéptico.

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11. Historical context of the time Do you know what helps you make your point crystal clear? Lists like this one: They’re simple You can organize your ideas clearly You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation. Let’s use lists!

12. Table of contents You can describe the topic of the section here You can describe the topic of the section here You can describe the topic of the section here You can describe the topic of the section here You can describe the topic of the section here You can describe the topic of the section here 01 04 02 05 03 06 Introduction Renaissance Reformation Consequences Legacy Conclusions

13. Introduction 01 You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

14. What is Renaissance Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon Humanism Artistic renewal

15. Main characteristics of the Renaissance Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Exploration Experimentation Rediscovery

16. Key concepts in Renaissance art Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Saturn is the second-largest planet in the Solar System Sfumato Linear perspective Triangular composition Symbolic iconography

17. Exercise 1: Renaissance art analysis Each team will have the opportunity to select one of the following renowned works of art. Your task will be to conduct thorough research on your chosen artwork and its historical context. Using the information you gather, you will then craft a concise presentation summarizing your findings and conclusions "La Gioconda" by Leonardo da Vinci "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci "The School of Athens" by Raphael

18. Venus has extremely high temperatures Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Great figures of the Renaissance Mars is actually a very cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti Raphael Sanzio Niccolo Machiavelli Galileo Galilei Johannes Gutenberg

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20. Important works of Leonardo da Vinci —Mona Lisa Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life in the Solar System. This is where we all live on —The Vitruvian Man Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. It's also the fourth-largest planet by diameter in the Solar System —The Last Supper Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast

21. “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired” —Someone Famous

22. A picture is worth a thousand words

23. 98,300,000 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

24. Jupiter’s rotation period 9h 55m 23s 333,000 The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s 386,000 km Distance between Earth and the Moon

25. Causes of the protestant reformation Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Corruption in the Church Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Religious reform Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Access to the Bible 50% 25% 25%

26. Exercise 2: Reformation debate We will split into two groups for a research exercise focused on the Protestant Reformation. Your task will be to search for and gather information about this historical period. One group will argue in favor of the positive impact of the Reformation, while the other will defend its negative consequences In favor of Reform Against the Reform Write an argument in favor Write an argument in favor Write an argument in favor Write an argument in favor Write an argument in favor Write an argument in favor Write an argument against Write an argument against Write an argument against Write an argument against Write an argument against Write an argument against Write an argument against

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30. Impact of the Reform worldwide Europe Asia America Venus is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

31. About Martin Luther's 95 theses Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is very cold Jupiter is a gas giant and has around eighty moons Earth is the third planet from the Sun Indulgences Repentance Justification Authority Corruption

32. Chronology of key Reform figures Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Martín Lutero Zwinglio John Knox Venus is the second planet from the Sun Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all John Calvin Cranmer 1 2 3 4 5

33. Renaissance and Reformation legacy Cultural changes Jupiter is the biggest planet Scientific progress Saturn has several rings Religious Reform Venus is a very hot planet Cultural legacy Neptune is far away from us Mercury is the closest planet from the Sun and the smallest one

34. Transformations in Europe 01 Renaissance art Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun 02 Technological advances Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System 03 Changes in education Despite being red, Mars is a cold place full of iron oxide dust 04 Diversification Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one with life 05 Popular culture Saturn is the second-largest planet in the Solar System

35. Exercise 3: Renaissance innovations We will create a visual timeline describing the major innovations and discoveries of the Renaissance. They can use digital tools or draw it by hand. They will identify at least five significant innovations or discoveries of the Renaissance. Include dates and descriptions of each 01 Earth is where we all live on 02 Mercury is a small planet 04 Mars is a very cold place 05 Jupiter is the biggest planet 03 Saturn has several rings Printing press Linear perspective Anatomy studies Secular literature Scientific method

36. The Catholic Counter-Reformation Key events Mercury is quite a small planet Impact & legacy Saturn is the ringed planet Responses Mars is made of basalt Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here

37. Our team You can speak a bit about this person here You can speak a bit about this person here You can speak a bit about this person here Sofia Hill Timmy Jimmy Susan Bones

38. Our conclusions Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System. It’s the fourth-brightest object in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of the skies and lightning Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System. This planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal, since Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god Legacy of Reformation Impact of the Renaissance

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