Immunization, vaccine, it's types and treatment

Immunization

1. Immunization 9/30/2021 1

2. What is immunization? When you get sick, your body generates antibodies to fight the disease and help you get better. These antibodies stay in your body even after the disease has gone, and protect you from getting the same illness again. This is called immunity . You don’t have to get sick to develop immunity; you can be given a vaccine 9/30/2021 2

3. What is a Vaccine? A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response. 9/30/2021 3

4. How the immune system works The pathogens causing the vaccine-preventable diseases are mainly microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses . The immune system responds to bacteria and viruses in a very complex way: it recognizes unique molecules (antigens) from bacteria and viruses and produces antibodies (a type of protein) and special white blood cells called lymphocytes that mark the antigens for destruction. 9/30/2021 4

5. How the immune system works During the primary immune response to the first encounter with a specific pathogen, some lymphocytes called memory cells develop with the ability to confer long-lasting immunity to that pathogen, often for life. These memory cells recognize antigens on the pathogens they have encountered before, triggering the immune system to respond faster and more effectively than on the first exposure The secondary immune response may eliminate the pathogens before any damage occurs. 9/30/2021 5

6. Types of immunization Active immunization We can define immunization as the process of protecting a person from a specific disease. This happens automatically when a person gets an infection and develops immunity. It also happens when a vaccine against a disease is given to someone. This is called active immunization because the vaccine is acting in place of a natural antigen. 9/30/2021 6

7. Types of immunization Passive immunization It is also possible to take ready-made antibodies and to give them to another person. Because the person receiving these antibodies is not making them himself this is called passive immunization. 'Passive' means 'inactive', and indicates that the body receiving the antibodies did not take part in making them. 9/30/2021 7

8. Natural and artificially induced immunization Another way some people classify immunization is by whether it is 'natural' or 'artificial'. 9/30/2021 8

9. Natural immunization By natural they mean immunization that occurs normally in a person's life, without vaccines or the assistance of a health worker. We have seen that this happens both when a fetus is developing and gets antibodies from its mother's blood and when a person gets an infection and produces his own antibodies. 9/30/2021 9

10. Artificially induced immunization By artificial immunization they mean any time that a medical worker immunizes a person, either by giving him a vaccine (antigen) or by passively immunizing him with antibodies. We now know there is nothing 'artificial' about the way this happens in the body, as it works in the same way as 'natural' immunization, so it is better to say artificially induced immunization . 9/30/2021 10

11. Artificially induced immunization The globally recommended Artificially induced immunization fall into the four main antigen types shown in the diagram. 9/30/2021 11

12. Importance of Immunization Programmes Each year, vaccines prevent more than 2.5 million child deaths globally. The impact of vaccination on the health of the world’s peoples is hard to exaggerate. With the exception of safe water, nothing else, not even antibiotics, has had such a major effect on the reduction of mortality (deaths) and morbidity (illness and disability) and on population growth 9/30/2021 12

13. Why are vaccines so special? Vaccines promote health : unlike many other health interventions, they help healthy people stay healthy, removing a major obstacle to human development Vaccines have an expansive reach : they protect individuals, communities, and entire populations (the eradication of smallpox is a case in point). Vaccines have rapid impact: the impact of most vaccines on communities and populations is almost immediate. For example, between 2000 and 2008, vaccination reduced global deaths from measles by 78% (from 750 000 deaths to 164 000 deaths per year). Vaccines save lives and costs : recently, a panel of distinguished economists put expanded immunization coverage for children in fourth place on a list of 30 cost-effective ways of advancing global welfare 9/30/2021 13

14. The Expanded Programme on Immunization 9/30/2021 14

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57. Cold chain 9/30/2021 57

58. The cold chain Cold chain is the equipment and people that keep vaccines cold during their journey. Manufacture From airport as soon as it arrives Transported at correct temp. to federal stores Stored at correct temp. Transported to states and provinces at correct temp. At health facility, kept cold during imm . sessions 9/30/2021 58

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61. The vaccine vial monitor 9/30/2021 61

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