Immunotherapy of tumor

immunotherapy of tumor

1. Immunotherapy of tumors By T. SOUNDARYA P19BC004 II M.Sc BIOCHEMISTRY HOLY CROSS COLLEGE

2. synopsis INTRODUCTION HOW IMMUNE SYSTEM FIGHTS AGAINST CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY OF TUMORS TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPY CONCLUSION REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION Tumor immunology  refers to the relationship between immune function and  tumor  cells, which is crucial for our understanding of the mechanisms of both  tumor  rejection and  tumor  progression. Tumor antigen  is an  antigenic  substance produced in  tumor  cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve how your immune system works to find and destroy cancer cells.

4. Your immune system consists of a complex process your body uses to fight illness. This process involves your cells, organs, and proteins. Cancer can commonly get around many of the immune system’s natural defenses, allowing cancer cells to continue to grow. Different types of immunotherapy work in different ways. Some immunotherapy treatments help the immune system stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. Others help the immune system destroy cancer cells or stop the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. Immunotherapy treatments can be used alone or combined with other cancer treatments

5. immunotherapy   Biological therapy  is thus any form of treatment that uses the body's natural abilities that constitute the immune system to fight infection and disease or to protect the body from some of the side effects of treatment. Immunotherapy (also called biological therapy or  biotherapy ) often employs substances called biological response modifiers (BRMs). The body normally produces low levels of BRMs in response to infection and disease. Large amounts of BRMs can be made in the laboratory to treat  cancer ,  rheumatoid arthritis , and other diseases.

6. The elimination phase of  cancer  immunoediting is exactly the same process described in the initial theory of tumor  immune surveillance , whereby the  immune  system detects and eliminates tumor cells that have developed as a result of failed intrinsic tumor suppressor mechanisms

7. Types of immunotherapy of tumors Monoclonal antibodies and tumor-agnostic treatments, such as checkpoint inhibitors Oncolytic virus therapy T-cell therapy Cancer vaccines

8. What are monoclonal antibodies and tumor-agnostic treatments MAB  can be used to block the activity of abnormal proteins in cancer cells. This is also known as a  targeted therapy , or cancer treatment that targets a cancer’s specific genes, proteins, or the tissue environment that helps the tumor grow and survive.

9. checkpoints monoclonal antibodies boost your immune system by inhibiting or stopping immune checkpoints. An immune checkpoint is normally used by the body to naturally stop the immune system’s response and prevent it from attacking healthy cells. Cancer cells can find ways to hide from the immune system by activating these checkpoints. Checkpoint inhibitors stop the ability of cancer cells to stop the immune system from activating, and in turn, amplify your body’s immune system to help destroy cancer cells. Common checkpoints that these inhibitors affect are the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways.

10. Examples of immune checkpoint inhibitors are: Ipilimumab ( Yervoy ) Nivolumab ( Opdivo ) Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq ) Avelumab ( Bavencio ) Durvalumab ( Imfinzi ) Many checkpoint inhibitors are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for specific cancers. There are also some checkpoint inhibitors are used to treat tumors anywhere in the body by focusing on specific genetic changes. These are called “ tumor -agnostic treatments.

11. Non specific immunotherapies Interferons.  Interferons are proteins that are produced by immune system. They may also slow the growth of cancer cells. The most common type of interferon used in cancer treatment is called interferon alpha ( Roferon -A [2a], Intron A [2b], Alferon [2a]). Side effects of interferon treatment may include flu-like symptoms, an increased risk of infection, skin rashes, and hair thinning. Interleukins.  Interleukins are proteins that help cells communicate and they can start an immune system response. The lab-made interleukin-2 (IL-2) or aldesleukin ( Proleukin ) can treat  kidney cancer  and  skin cancer , including  melanoma . Common side effects of IL-2 treatment include weight gain and low blood pressure. Some people also experience flu-like symptoms

12. Oncolytic virus therapy Oncolytic virus therapy uses viruses that have been changed in a laboratory to destroy cancer cells. First, the doctor injects the genetically modified virus into the tumor. The virus then enters the cancer cells and makes a copy of itself. this causes the cancer cells to burst and die. As the cells die, they release proteins that trigger your immune system to target any cancer cells in your body that have the same proteins as the dead cancer cells. The virus does not enter healthy cells. FDA approved the first oncolytic virus therapy to treat later stages of melanoma. The virus in the treatment is known as talimogene laherparepvec ( Imlygic ), or T-VEC. The virus is a modified version of the herpes simplex virus, that causes cold sores. The doctor can inject T-VEC into areas of melanoma until there are no more melanoma cancer cells left. Side effects of oncolytic virus therapy can include feeling tired, fever, chills, and nausea. Some people also have flu-like symptoms and pain at the injection site

13. T cell therapy In T-cell therapy, the doctor removes T cells from your blood. Then, a laboratory adds specific proteins called receptors to the cells. The receptors allow those T cells to recognize cancer cells. The changed T cells are put back into your body. Once there, they find and destroy cancer cells. This type of therapy is known as  chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy . Side effects include fevers, confusion, low blood pressure, and, in rare occasions, seizures.

14. Cancer vaccines

15. Conclusion:

16. references https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/immunotherapy-and-vaccines/understanding-immunotherapy https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/articles/what-is-immunotherapy-for-cancer-/ https://www.webmd.com/cancer/immunotherapy-treatment-types#1 https://www.slideshare.net/ArunViswanathan3/cancer-immunotherapy-57025335

17. Thank you !!!!