Impact of global warming on crop growth and production.pptx

How the present climate change has influences the crop growth and production and how by the agronomic management strategies it can sustain, this ppt consist of it

1. Welcome “ Earth’s provide enough to satisfy every mans’s need , but not every man’s greed” - Mahatma Gandhi

2. MASTER’S CREDIT SEMINAR I mpact of global warming on crop growth and production Presented by – Nilabh Talukdar Roll No: 2021-AMJ-63 , M.Sc 2 nd Year ( Agronomy) Department of Agronomy , AAU, Jorhat-13

3. Plan of presentation Introduction Scientific evidence of global warming Impact of global warming on agricultural resources Agro-techniques to mitigate global warming Future line of work Conclusion

4. What is Global Warming? Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is absorbing more of the energy (heat) that the sun is sending to the earth, preventing it from radiating into space. The globe always had temperatures that allowed the birth of living forms as we know them, including humans. This is because the earth's atmosphere acts as a greenhouse to trap the sun's heat. Without our atmospheric greenhouse, the earth would be very cold (-18 c) . Fig 1: Human induced global warming

5. Change in the GHG's over period The concentration of CO 2 , is now 46% greater than the levels in the atmosphere before the industrial revolution. In 2020 the global concentration of CO 2 in atmosphere was about 412.5 ppm. But in 2021 the global emission of CO 2 was 400 MT which leads to increase in CO 2 concentration by 1.2% or 417.5 ppm Source- Global energy-related CO2 emissions, 1990-2021 Atmospheric methane levels averaged 1,895.7 ppb during 2021, or around 162% greater than pre-industrial levels. From NOAA’s observations, estimate global methane emissions in 2021 are 15% higher than the 1984-2006 period.  Source- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, April 7,2022 concentrations

6. CO 2 1990 - 2020 Fig : 2 Rise in carbon dioxide emission from 1990 to2020 Source- Global energy-related CO2 emissions, 1990-2021 C ontinued... emissions

7. CH 4 i ncrease over 1980-2021 C ontinued... Fig : 3 Rise of methane emission from 1990 to 2020 Source- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , April 7,2022

8. Fig:- 4 Rise in nitrous oxide emission from 1985 to2020 Source- Greenhouse Gas Bulletin: Another Year Another Record, October 25,2021 Nitrous oxide concentration is about 333.2 ppb or 123% compared 1980’s period . C ontinued...

9. Natural causes of global warming: Fig 5: Forest fire Fig 6: Permafrost Fig 7: Sun spot Fig 8: Water vapour

10. Table: 1 - Causes of GHG’S (Anthropogenic sources ): Greenhouse gases How it’s produce Average lifetime in atmosphere 100-year global warming potential CO 2 Burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, and trees and wood products. Changes in land use also play a role. Deforestation and soil degradation add carbon dioxide Variable 1 CH 4 Emitted during the production and transport of oil and natural gas as well as coal, Livestock and agricultural practices (rice cultivation) and from the anaerobic decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills 12.4 years 28-36

11. N 2 O Emitted during agricultural (Nitrogenous fertilizer application) and Industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste 121 years 265-298 Fluorinated gases including CFCS Industrial processes and commercial household uses and do not occur naturally A few weeks to thousands of years Varies Source- Anon.,2007 C ontinued...

12. Contribution and source towards GHG’S Fig 9 : Contribution of GHG’s Fig 10 : Source of GHG’s Source- Global energy-related CO2 emissions, 1990-2021 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , April 7,2022 Greenhouse Gas Bulletin: Another Year Another Record , October 25,2021

13. Scientific evidences of global warming: Fig 11 : Global Temperature Rise  Fig 12 : Warming Ocean Source:- Rebecca Lindsey and Luann Dahlman,2022  

14. Fig 13 : Shrinking ice sheets  Fig 14 : Sea level r Source :- Climate Change Indicators: Ice Sheets,2022 C ontinued...

15. Impact of global warming on agricultural resources, on Indian subcontinents & case studies

16. Table 2:- Rainfall pattern from 2020- 2022(Oct) in India: Monthly rainfall(in mm) trends for India from 01-Jan-2020 to 31-Dec-2020 ; 01-Jan-2021 to 31-Dec-2021 and from 01-Jan -2022 to 30-Sept-2022 Dates NORMAL (mm) ACTUAL (mm) Dates NORMAL (mm) ACTUAL (mm) Dates NORMAL (mm) ACTUAL (mm) Jan-20 20.19 19.11 Jan-21 20.19 23.35 Jan-22 20.19 41.84 Feb-20 21.93 10.85 Feb-21 21.93 9.16 Feb-22 21.93 19.44 Mar-20 30.73 49.87 Mar-21 30.73 20.56 Mar-22 30.73 10.03 Apr-20 39.29 78.04 Apr-21 39.29 32.19 Apr-22 39.29 40.26 May-20 65.95 62.66 May-21 65.95 103.75 May-22 65.95 83.77

17. Jun-20 169.19 197.18 Jun-21 169.19 144.99 Jun-22 169.19 152.34 Jul-20 301.06 140.33 Jul-21 301.06 242.58 Jul-22 301.06 303.38 Aug-20 267.55 318.86 Aug-21 267.55 194.67 Aug-22 267.55 264.95 Sep-20 176.66 172.12 Sep-21 176.66 220.91 Sep-22 176.66 179.33 Oct-20 79.49 77.12 Oct-21 79.49 100.38 Oct-22 79.49 112.49 Nov-20 30.16 35.08 Nov-21 30.16 59.76 Dec-20 17.58 19.61 Dec-21 17.58 20.61 Total 1041.69 1180.83 Total 1041.69 1172.91 Source:- India Meteorological Department (IMD) GRID C ontinued...

18. Table 3:- Rainfall pattern from 2020- 2022(Oct) in Assam: Monthly rainfall(in mm) trends for Assam from 01-Jan-2020 to 31-Dec-2020 ; 01-Jan-2021 to 31-Dec-2021 and from 01-Jan -2022 to 30-Sept-2022 Dates NORMAL (mm) ACTUAL (mm) Dates NORMAL (mm) ACTUAL (mm) Dates NORMAL (mm) ACTUAL (mm) Jan-20 19.1 20.85 Jan-21 19.1 11.94 Jan-22 19.1 25.63 Feb-20 28.64 19.44 Feb-21 28.64 2.99 Feb-22 28.64 53.67 Mar-20 80.46 21.75 Mar-21 80.46 40.93 Mar-22 80.46 41.34 Apr-20 186.04 137.1 Apr-21 186.04 68.43 Apr-22 186.04 295.08 May-20 334.11 353 May-21 334.11 213.74 May-22 334.11 376.69

19. Jun-20 418.11 490.12 Jun-21 418.11 303.57 Jun-22 418.11 625.89 Jul-20 417.53 279.39 Jul-21 417.53 267.69 Jul-22 417.53 288.07 Aug-20 337.61 245.8 Aug-21 337.61 303.4 Aug-22 337.61 229.1 Sep-20 268.85 349.87 Sep-21 268.85 165.38 Sep-22 268.85 203.68 Oct-20 144.09 157.71 Oct-21 144.09 105.2 Oct-22 144.09 199.59 Nov-20 25.45 24.36 Nov-21 25.45 4.53 Dec-20 12.5 1 Dec-21 12.5 12.49 Total 1624.14 2100.39 Total 1624.14 1500.29 Source:- India Meteorological Department (IMD) GRID C ontinued...

20. Temperature variation of India from 2012 to 2021: Fig 15 : Change in average temperature of India from 2012 to 2021 Source :-   Madhumitha Jaganmohan Sep 5, 2022; Statista

21. Table 4:- Extreme events faced by India in recent past: Name Year Affected areas Remark Cyclone Tauktae 14 th May,2021 Southern regions of Kerala and Karnataka and western regions of Goa, Gujarat, Lakshadweep The storm’s rushing speed of 190 kilometers per hour . Flash Floods and Heavy Rainfall . killing of more than 104 people in India Cyclone Jawad 4 th December, 2021 Andhra Pradesh, Odisha , West Bengal Heavy rainfall were experienced along with strong winds . Cyclone Yaas 23 rd May 2021 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha , Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal Category 1- equivalent tropical cyclone. caused server damage, in West Bengal, the total damage was approximately ₹20 crore and in Odisha , the damage was approximately ₹610 crores .

22. Fig 16 : Assam flood of 2022 Fig 17 : Kerela flood of 2022 Source:- Newspaper(Times of India, Hindustan times , Assam tribune) C ontinued...

23. Crop damage ( A case study on cyclone T auktae ) : Total agricultural damage in Kerela About 24,043 hectares of agriculture land Paddy- 7,135 ha Banana- 6,026.9 ha Rubber – 1,468.6 ha Vegetable – 743.7 ha Tapioca – 496.5 ha Sugarcane – 3,567.5 ha Coconut – 4,424.8 ha Source : Krishi Care & Management Services Pvt.Ltd.2021

24. Case studies

25. Table 7:- Effect of different nitrogen (N) levels on yield and its components of rice crops grown under ambient and elevated CO 2 condition: N dose CO 2 level Plant height (cm) No. of Tillers/pot Root weight ( g/pot ) Above ground biomass (g /pot) Panicle length (cm) No. of Panicles/ pot No. of effective grains/ panicle Grain yield ( g/pot ) N Ambient (395ppm ) 72.3 52 20.7 107.2 22.3 38 93 43.7 Elevated (550 ppm ) 80.9 56 38.2 142.6 24.3 39 83 41.2 Elevated (650 ppm ) 61.9 47.7 84.3 102 9 26 93 38.9 IARI , Delhi Raj et al., 2018 ) N 0 : No Nitrogen

26. N dose CO 2 level Plant height (cm) No. of Tillers/pot Root weight ( g/pot ) Above ground biomass (g /pot) Panicle length (cm) No. of Panicles/pot No. of effective grains/ panicle Grain yield (g /pot ) N 1 Ambient (395ppm ) 75 56 32.6 131.1 21.5 43 104 51.5 Elevated ( 550ppm ) 81.7 62 55 162.8 24.8 46 111 60.5 Elevated (650 ppm ) 73.2 48 29 113.8 19.6 31 95 42.9 IARI , Delhi Raj etal ., 2018 ) C ontinued... N 1 : 75% RD of Nitrogen

27. N dose CO 2 level Plant height (cm) No. of Tillers/pot Root weight (g /pot) Above ground biomass (g /pot) Panicle length (cm) No. of Panicles /pot No. of effective grains/ panicle Grain yield ( g /pot ) N 2 Ambient(395ppm ) 76.9 65 42.3 135.65 24.3 50 102 54.5 Elevated ( 550ppm ) 81.7 72 69.6 163.9 24.7 54 112 68.4 Elevated ( 650ppm) 66.5 58 38.4 130.2 21.5 45 92 37.8 ( P= 0.05 ) N NS 7 2.6 25.8 NS 8 5 8.6 CO 2 3.5 5 3.7 18.2 1 6 9 6.1 N X CO 2 NS 9 5.2 36.4 NS 11 NS 12 IARI , Delhi Raj et al .,2018 ) C ontinued... N 2 : 100% RD of Nitrogen

28. Bangladesh Haque et al., 2021 ) Effect of Elevated CO 2 on nutrient dynamics in rice growing soil: Fig 18 : Effect of Elevated CO 2 on nutrient dynamics in rice growing soil( soil pH and SOC) in an Open Top Chamber

29. Bangladesh Haque et al., 2021 ) C ontinued... Fig 19: Effect of Elevated CO 2 on Nutrient Dynamics in rice growing soil( total nitrogen and available phosphorus) in an Open Top Chamber

30. Bangladesh Haque et al., 2021 C ontinued... Fig 19 : Effect of Elevated CO 2 on Nutrient Dynamics in rice growing soil ( potassium) in an Open Top Chamber

31. Table 6 :- Bacterial and fungal population changes in soil at different CO 2 levels Treatment Bacterial population ( c.f.u /g soil) Fungal population ( c.f.u /g soil) Control 2.22 x 10 7 1.08 X 10 6 4200ppm CO 2 2.25 x 10 7 1.52 X 10 6 560ppm CO 2 2.31 x 10 7 1.47 X 10 6 CV(%) 23.78 17.08 SE (±) 1.74 1.8 Bangladesh Haque et al., 2021 ) C ontinued...

32. Table 5 :-Effect of elevated CO 2 on plant height(cm) and number of grains /pod at harvest of greengram Treatment x Genotype SML 1827 SML 832 SML 1831 PM 1533 Pusa M-19-31 Pant M-5 AMB condition Plant height 45.3 47 53.5 55.2 52.6 51.4 OTC-I (390ppm) 64.4 68.1 76.2 79.4 77.8 76.3 OTC-II (600ppm) 70.3 99.8 95.2 98 105 109.8 OTC-III (750ppm) 59.5 70.7 72.9 76.5 81.3 85.7 AMB condition Grains /pod 4 5 5 5 5 6 OTC-I (390ppm) 4 5 5 5 5 5 OTC-II (600ppm) 3 3 1 2 3 4 OTC-III (750ppm) 1 1 1 2 CD(0.05%) 3.020 Jorhat , Assam Aziz et al., 2020

33. Table 8:- Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from flooded rice fields Treatment CH 4 emissions ( mg/m 2 ) N 2 O emissions (mg/m 2 ) Above ground rice biomass(kg/m 2 ) Grain yield (kg/m 2 ) 1 st year , 2011 Ambient CO 2 (375 ppm ) 50% RD of Nitrogen 11.7 94 1.62 0.45 Elevated CO 2 (550 ppm ) 100% RD of Nitrogen 12.7 168 1.44 0.35 2 nd year , 2012 Ambient CO 2 (375 ppm ) 100% RD of Nitrogen 7.9 217 1.25 0.65 Elevated CO 2 (550 ppm ) 50% RD of Nitrogen 15.6 215 2.14 0.55 P- value >0.05 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Portugues Pereira et al., 2013

34. Table 9:- Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration & temperature on plant height, cob length, grains/cob , biological yield ,grain yield of maize Treatment Plant height(cm) Cob length(cm ) Grains/cob Grain yield(t/ha) T1 220.15 15.6 374 4.69 T2 213.51 13.8 280 3.98 T3 150.36 11.3 280 3.95 T4 225.24 14.5 392 7.53 T5 233.26 14.6 372 6.95 T6 230.12 13.8 362 4.74 LSD value 10 0.1 2.5 0.04 T1 ( ambient temperature and ambient CO 2 ) ; T2 ( ambient temperature + 1.5 o C & ambient CO 2 ) ; T3 ( Ambient temperature +3 o C & ambient CO 2 ) ; T4 ( Ambient temperature & elevated CO 2 (550 ppm ) ; T5 ( Ambient temperature +1.5 o C & elevated CO 2 (550 ppm ) ; T6 ( Ambient temperature +3 o C & elevated CO 2 (550 ppm) IARI , Delhi Abebe et al., 2016

35. Table 10:- Effect of different carbon dioxide concentration on population of brown plant hopper in rice ecosystem Treatment BPH population Weeks after adult release(mean value) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ambient condition ( 397ppm ) + ambient temperature 2.3 7.7 31.8 45.4 58.5 28.0 4.6 Elevated condition ( 570 ppm) + ambient temperature(3 o C rise) 2.5 10.9 75.8 169.6 80.5 34.4 12.4 Treatment, F = (53.8), LSD = (0.5), P<0.0001 Week, F = (76.8), LSD = (0.9), P<0.0001 IARI , Delhi Pandi et al .,2016

36. Table 11:- Rice growth and yield parameters under elevated CO 2 and ambient CO 2 condition Parameters Uninfested Infested Ambient CO2 (397 ppm ) Elevated CO2 (570 ppm ) t statistics Ambient CO2 ( 397 ppm) Elevated CO2 (570 ppm ) t statistics No. of tillers 21.9 27.4 2.2 23.1 18.4 1.5 No. of reproductive tillers 20.3 18.1 0.8 18.4 14.9 1.7 Seeds/panicle 88.5 78.9 0.8 81.2 73.7 0.7 Test weight(g) 20.9 19.1 1.4 17.2 16.9 0.4 Grain Yield(g)/ pot 33.7 30.4 1.7 26.2 21.1 1.3 IARI , Delhi Pandi et al .,2016 C ontinued...

37. Agro-techniques to mitigate global warming

38. Table 12:- The CH 4 emissions of SUSIBA2 rice and the wild-type rice in paddies under natural growing seasons Cultivar Growth season Lines Tested days CH4 emission (mg/m 2 ) Reduction rate(%) Japonica Summer Nip 78 10288 -50.98 SRB77 5043 Autumn Nip 83 15830 -50.97 SRB77 7761 Winter Nip 57 5328 -22.26 SRB77 4608 CD-value(0.05) 1.3 China Du et al., 2021

39. Table 13:- Growth and yield pattern of SUSIBA2 rice Growth season Lines Plant height ( cm) No. of tillers / plant No. of panicles/plant DW of above ground biomass/plant(g) DW of filled grains/plant(g) No . of filled grains/plant Grain yield (g/m 2 ) Summer Nip 75.8 29 23 50.05 28.4 997 350 SRB77 80.2 38 34 55.1 31.2 1054 280 Autumn Nip 73.7 21 26 49.5 23.5 983 305 SRB77 68.2 28 32 50.1 21.4 987 250 CD-value(0.05) 3 China Du et al., 2021 C ontinued...

40. Methane emission pattern of rice crop field after application of biochar over 4 years China Nan et al., 2020 Fig 20 : Methane emission reduction rate(%) of rice crop after application of biochar with compared to the control group

41. Table 14:- Effects of plastic film mulching (PFM) and nitrapyrin (NI) on cumulative N 2 O emissions from cotton field over 2 years of cultivation Year Treatments Cumulative N 2 O emissions(kg N 2 O/ ha/yr ) Lint yield (2014 + 2015) Before fertigation Fertigation Afrter fertigation 2014 NM 0.19 ±0.03a 1.59 ±0.17c 0.15 ±0.04a 3.77 ± 0.20 a(NM) PFM 0.21 ±0.05a 0.98 ±0.04b 0.19 ±0.06a 4.47 ± 0.28 b(PFM) PFM + NI 0.20 ±0.02a 0.51 ±0.09a 0.13 ±0.06a 4.79 ± 0.24 b(PFM+NI) 2015 NM 0.36 ±0.15a 2.65 ±0.12C 0.30 ±0.15a PFM 0.25 ±0.04a 2.05 ±0.23b 0.37 ±0.19a PFM + NI 0.28 ±0.05a 1.43 ±0.13a 0.36 ±0.09a China Yu et al .,2018 NM: No mulching

42. Table 15:- Methane and nitrous oxide emission in direct-seeded and transplanted rice Variety Establishment CH4 emission (kg/ha) Nitrous oxide emission (kg/ha) Mean SD Mean SD 2009 26 P 26 hybrid DSR 0.6 0.1 1.2 0.2 26 P 26 hybrid TPR 42.4 1.5 1.1 0.3 Pusa Basmati 1121 DSR 0.5 0.1 1.2 0.1 Pusa Basmati 1121 TPR 57.8 9.8 1.8 0.2 2010 26 P 26 hybrid DSR 4.1 0.4 2.2 0.1 26 P 26 hybrid TPR 56.5 0.6 1.6 0.2 Pusa Basmati 1121 DSR 4.2 0.4 2 0.1 Pusa Basmati 1121 TPR 55.4 7.5 2.7 0.1 Punjab Pathak et al., 2012

43. Table 16:- Potential soil sequestration rate for carbon Potential soil sequestration rate for carbon Practice MT/ha/yr Crop residue management 0.3-0.7 Conservation tillage 0.24-0.4 Fertilizer management 0.05-0.15 Crop rotation 0.1-0.3 USA Lal et al., 2015

44. Future line of work Strategic breeding for ideotype and new varieties to respond to more carbon dioxide concentration. Data base for new crop introduction suited to higher temperature and drought situation. Short duration crop for those areas with delay monsoon/ deficit rainfall. Integrated farming system. Crop diversification Climate smart agriculture with Internet of Things(IOT)

45. Conclusion Indian agriculture is likely to suffer loss due to heat , erratic weather in the upcoming climate change sc enario . Adaptation strategies can minimise negative impact. For these researches, funding, policy support are needed. Focusing on needs not on luxury.

46. THANK YOU