impact of riyazat ( physical activity) on mental health During pregnancy.pptx

impact of physical exrecise on mental health during pregnancy
as we all know that during pregnancy women undergoes many changes like weight gain , nousea, vomitting , chages in the body shape mood swings so to counter all these physical exerscise like mild waliking jogging ,swimming are important and also a low self esteem , depression and anxiety of the outcome of the pregnancy , fear of vaginal deliveries

1. Impact of physical exercise on mental health during pregnancy: A comprehensive review Presented by: Faiza Furqan MS 1 st year Dept. of Niswan wa Qabalat A.K. Tibbiya College F/o Unani Medicine AMU

2. Introduction Pregnancy is the women's special period that is complex and specific, which is related to various physical and psychological changes that a pregnant woman experience. (Bjelica et al., 2018; Isaacs & Andipatin , 2020). Psychological changes in pregnant women can be adaptive as a result of hormonal changes during pregnancy, but it can also be non adaptive which is known as prenatal distress ( Isgut et al., 2017; Lorén -Guerrero et al., 2018). Some examples of prenatal distress such as anxiety, antenatal depression can develop maternal and fetal health problems ( Lorén -Guerrero et al., 2018; Obrochta et al., 2020).

3. According to the WHO depression is a mental health disorder that constitutes a major social problem . The main symptoms of depression are sadness, loss of interest, feelings of tiredness and a loss of energy. In addition, depression is accompanied by anxiety, sleep problems, changes in appetite, lack in concentration, low self-esteem or suicidal thoughts. Depression in pregnancy is a significant public health problem, pregnancy and childbirth are some of the factors that contribute in the development of depression .

4. Factors That Effects The Mental Health Of Mother Unplanned or unwanted pregnancies L ow socioeconomic status P resent/past pregnancy complications L ow maternal education partner violence Recent adverse life events L ack of social support have been shown to be the main determinants of antenatal depression around the world ( Howard et al.,2014 ;  Biaggi et al., 2015 ) 

5. INCEDENCE The incidence of depression and anxiety in pregnant women varies depending on the current trimester (Bennett et al). O n a systematic review of studies on the development of depressive disorders in pregnant women estimated that in the first trimester depression occurs about 7.4% (2.2–12.6%) I n the second trimester 12.8% (10.7–14.8%) In the third trimester 12.0% (7.4–16.7%) of pregnant women. According to various studies the incidence of depression in pregnancy ranges from 6–25%.  (Bennett, H.A.; Einarson , A.; Taddio , A.; Koren , G.; Einarson , T.R. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review.  Obstet. Gynecol.   2004 ,  103 , 698–709.)

6. Trimester wise changes of emotions during pregnancy In the first trimester of pregnancy, a rapid transformation of the hormonal system starts to occur (an increase in the number of estrogen and progesterone receptors) Estradiol and progesterone affect the neurotransmitter system of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, causing emotional disorders .In addition women are afraid of having a miscarriage. In the second trimester there is usually a stabilization of emotions. The last trimester of pregnancy is characterized by a renewed increase in the level of anxiety and uncertainty due to the approaching delivery. Due to changes in external appearance the physical self-esteem of women decreases, which also influences the development of depression. ( Hygeia Public Health   2012 ,  47 , 412–417.)

7. Depression during pregnancy can also cause psychological problems in offspring like poor academic performance and impaired social functioning. In addition, according to WHO data depression during pregnancy is a strong risk factor for the development of postnatal depression which may affect 10–15% of women in the period of up to 12 months after delivery. Moreover a lack of proper treatment of depression in an expectant mother may have a negative impact on the fetus (e.g., premature delivery, reduced birth weight, lower Apgar scores, as well as an increase in the concentration of stress hormones in the child)

8. During normal pregnancy virtually every organ system undergoes anatomical and physiological changes. Many pregnant women may suffer from various ailments like nausea, vomiting.Women are advised to take minimum and safe drugs for pregnancy related problems as most of the drug may have teratogenic effect. Hence alternative method in which medicines are not used internally would be beneficial for expecting mothers in which ailments are cured. Exercise ( Riyazat ) is a therapy which is used as a tool to keep the body fit and also help to treat various diseases. It is found to be very safe and effective during pregnancy and post partum period, hence is the best way to relieve pregnancy related discomfort.

9. How does exercise make pregnant feel better, mentally? Exercise can lead to an increase in serotonin levels in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, sleep, and appetite. Regular physical activity helps to regulate the body's stress response by reducing the levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol. This can contribute to a more relaxed and balanced state, counteracting the negative effects of chronic stress. Engaging in regular exercise has been linked to improved sleep quality. The combination of physical exertion and the hormonal changes induced by exercise can contribute to better sleep patterns

10. Physical activity is an essential element of a healthy lifestyle and the most recent evidence-based Committee Opinion from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice suggests that “In the absence of obstetric or medical complications or contraindications, physical activity in pregnancy is safe and desirable, and pregnant women should be encouraged to continue or to initiate safe physical activities (ACOG, 2020).” Since physical activity is also known to improve both physical and mental health.

11. One interesting question is……… whether physical activity of pregnant women would also benefit the developing fetal brain and therefore impact neurodevelopmental outcomes of their children

12. Some Studies Have Shown That…. Physical activity during uncomplicated pregnancy not only causes no harm to offspring neurodevelopment but also may infact improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. (Moyer et al., 2016; Niño Cruz et al., 2018) For example- Higher maternal physical activity during pregnancy was positively associated with an increase in offspring vocabulary score at age 15 months. ( Jukic et al., 2013) Overall language development at age of 2 years. ( Polañska et al., 2015) Some studies suggested that higher maternal physical activity and less sedentary behavior during pregnancy is associated with greater cortical thickness and presumably better cortical development in newborns.

13. Exercise Recommended During Pregnancy Fitness walking. Jogging(mild). Swimming. Low-impact aerobics. Physical Exercise. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1994), Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. ACOG Technical Bulletin 189. Washington, D.C.)

14. Guidelines For Exercise Regular mild to moderate exercise routines are preferable to intermittent activity. Gradually increase exercise intensity and duration if previously sedentary. Do not exercise vigorously in hot humid weather. Do not exercise at all during an illness with fever. Avoid high impact activities. Drink plenty of fluids. ACOG recommends that the HR should not exceed 140 bpm. ( Horsley K (1998), Fitness in the child-bearing year. In: R. Sapsford, J. Bullock-Saxton, & S. Markwell (Eds.), Women's health: a textbook for physiotherapists. London: Saunders. p. 168–191)

15. conclusion Physical exercise is safe and effective during pregnancy and postpartum period and is recommended in minor ailments related to pregnancy for maintaining better physical and mental health. Poor maternal mental health and stress during pregnancy has been associated with increased levels of cortisol and linked to a number of effects on a child’s development ranging from lower fetal growth and birth weight to an increased risk of affective disorders and lower cognitive skills. We may conclude that recent research supports the belief that active prenatal and postnatal exercise can provide numerous benefits to mother and baby. Continued research should be carried out for further evaluation of the merits of exercise during pregnancy and postpartum period.

16. Thank you