IMPORTANCE OF EDUKASYON PANTAHANAN AT PANGKABUHAYAN WITH ENTREPRENEURSHIP.pptx

IMPORTANCE OF EDUKASYON PANTAHANAN AT PANGKABUHAYAN WITH ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. IMPORTANCE OF EDUKASYON PANTAHANAN AT PANGKABUHAYAN WITH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE K-12 CURRICULUM

2. TOPICS Component of EPP in the K-12 Curriculum Industrial Arts Carpentry Plumbing Electronics Metal works Electrical Orthographic drawing/CAD

3. Home economics Food, Health and Nutrition Personal finance and Family resources Textile and Clothing Consumer Science Household Management Human Development

4. Agriculture Livestock production Agricultural economics Crop production Modern agriculture Theories of Entrepreneurship Economic Sociological Psychological Crop Production Opportunity-Based Resource-Based

5. Importa nce of EPP with Entrepreneurship in the K-12 Curriculum

6. Components of EPP in the K-12 Curriculum Industrial Arts has an important role to play as part of general education in our modern society. aims at developing skills necessary for working with tools and machines Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.

7. Plumbing maybe defined as the practice, materials, and fixtures used in installing, maintaining, and altering piping, fixtures, appliances, and appurtenances in connection with sanitary or storm drainage facilities, a venting system, and public or private water supply system. Consist of three parts: an adequate potable water supply system; A safe, adequate drainage system, and; Ample fixtures and equipment

8. Electronics is the study of how to control the flow of electrons. It deals with circuits that are made with parts called components and connecting wires that control the flow of electricity and direct it to do useful things. Metalworks is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large-scale structure. Electrical is defined as something related to electricity, which is energy resulting from charged particles. Orthographic drawing/CAD is a very common style of drawing and is easily created with AutoCAD

9. Home Economics Is a field of study that is primarily concerned with strengthening family life and increasing productivity of individuals in the social economy. It synthesizes knowledge from arts and science-based disciplines to improve manipulative skills, organizational skills, and social skills (James, 2003) Home Economics is a skill-oriented subject which can equip the individuals with basic skills and knowledge that will help them to be self-reliant and thereby contribute to the social and economic development of the individual, the family and the nation at large.

10. Food, health and nutrition – eating a well-balanced diet, with adequate nutrients and appropriate calories, is a fundamental requirement for continued health. An appropriate diet contributes to healthy development, healthy aging, and greater resilience against disease. Similarly, a poor or inappropriate diet places people at greater risk of infection and a range of chronic illness-including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Personal finance and family resources – the financial management that an individual or a family unit performs to budget, save, and spend monetary resources over time, taking into account various financial risks and future life events.

11. Textile and clothing – is about the design, manufacture, and marketing of clothing footwear, and other textile products. Studying in this area includes learning about fabrics and other materials and weaving, dyeing, printing, patternmaking, sewing, washing, etc. Consumer science – is a social discipline that focuses on the interaction between people and the environment. Household management – refers to the various tasks and chores associated with the organization, financial management, and day-to-day operations of a home.

12. Human development - is defined as the process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being. Human development is about the real freedom ordinary people must decide who to be, what to do, and how to live.

13. Agriculture Is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. Livestock Production. Livestock is commonly defined as domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber.

14. Crop production. Irrigated farm areas mainly grow rice and sugarcane whereas rained areas are planted with coconuts, corn and cassava. Modern Agriculture –is a term used to describe the wide type of production practices employed by American farmers. It makes use of hybrid seeds of selected variety of a single crop, technologically advanced equipment and lots of energy subsides in the form of irrigation water, fertilizers and pesticides

15. Theories of Entrepreneurship Economic – Economists have identified the role of the entrepreneur for centuries and several schools of thought have emerged. Two approaches can be identified: that of the early or classical economists (later part of the nineteenth century) and that of the neoclassical economists (eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century). The economic entrepreneurship theory has deep roots in the classical and neoclassical theories of economics. These theories explore the economic factors that enhance entrepreneurial behavior.

16. 1.1 Classical Theory (Made before the later part of the nineteenth century) The classical theory extolled the virtues of free trade , specialization, and competition(Ricardo, 1817; Smith, 1776 ).The theory was the result of Britain’s industrial revolution which took place in the mid-1700 and lasted until the 1830s. The classical movement described the directing role of the entrepreneur in the context of production and distribution of goods in a competitive marketplace (Say, 1803 ). Classical theorists articulated three modes of production: land; capital; and labor.

17. 1.2 Neo-classical Theory The neo-classical model emerged from the criticisms of the classical model and indicated that economic phenomena could be relegated to instances of pure exchange, reflect an optimal ratio, and transpire in an economic system that was basically closed. The economic system consisted of exchange participants, exchange occurrences, and the impact of results of the exchange on other market actors. The importance of exchange coupled with diminishing marginal utility created enough impetus for entrepreneurship in the neoclassical movement(Murphy, Liao &Welsch, 2006)

18. Social Theory Sociological theory is the third of the major entrepreneurship theories. Sociological enterprise focuses on the social context. In other words, in the sociological theories the level of analysis is traditionally the society ( Landstrom , 1998)

19. Psychological Theory The level of analysis in psychological theories is the individual ( Landstrom , 1998). These theories emphasize personal characteristics that define entrepreneurship. Personality traits need for achievement and locus of control are reviewed and empirical evidence presented for three other new characteristics that have been found to be associated with entrepreneurial inclination. These are risk taking, innovativeness, and tolerance for ambiguity

20. 3.1 Personality Traits Theory Coon (2004) defines personality traits as “stable qualities that a person shows in most situations”. To the trait theorists there are enduring inborn qualities or potentials of the individual that naturally make him an entrepreneur. The obvious and logical question on your mind maybe, “What are the exact traits/inborn qualities?” The answer is not a straightforward one since we cannot point out at particular traits. However, this model gives some insight into these traits or inborn qualities by identifying the characteristics associated with the entrepreneur. The characteristics give us a clue or an understanding of these traits or in born potentials. In fact, explaining personality traits means making inference from behavior

21. 3.1.1 Locus of Control Locus of control is an important aspect of personality. The concept was first introduced by Julian Rotter in the 1950s. Rotter (1966) refers to Locus of Control as an individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life. In other words, a locus of control orientation is a belief about whether the outcomes of our actions are contingent on what we do (internal control orientation) or on events outside our personal control (external control orientation).

22. 3.2 Need for Achievement Theory While the trait model focuses on enduring inborn qualities and locus of control on the individual's perceptions about the rewards and punishments in his or her life, (Pervin,1980,), need for achievement theory by McClelland (1961) explained that human beings have a need to succeed, accomplish, excel or achieve. Entrepreneurs are driven by this need to achieve and excel. While there is no research evidence to support personality traits, there is evidence for the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurship (Johnson, 1990).Achievement motivation may be the only convincing person logical factor related to new venture creation (Shaver & Scott, 1991)

23. 4. Crop Production Theory Plants are autotrophic and therefore they fix the energy of the sun and manufacture food from simple inorganic substances for almost all other organisms through photosynthesis. Crop plants have a wide range of development and growth responses to sunlight, day length, temperature, nutrients, and water supply. Farmers do not, however, choose plants as crops for optimum adaptation to individual environments, but those that are preferred food, as in developing countries, or to meet market requirements, including global trade. In consequence, crops are managed to withstand environmental stresses. Socio-economic forces drive change in agriculture that is currently challenged to increase production by 70% to feed 9.2 billion by 2050.

24. 5. Opportunity-based Theory The opportunity-based theory is anchored by names such as Peter Drucker and Howard Stevenson. An opportunity-based approach provides a wide-ranging conceptual framework for entrepreneurship research ( Fiet , 2002; Shane, 2000). Entrepreneurs do not cause change (as claimed by the Schumpeterian or Austrian school) but exploit the opportunities that change (in technology, consumer preferences etc.) creates (Drucker, 1985). He further says, “This defines entrepreneur and entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur always searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity”. What is apparent in Drucker’s opportunity construct is that entrepreneurs have an eye more for possibilities created by change than the problems. Stevenson (1990) extends Drucker’s opportunity-based construct to include resourcefulness. This is based on research to determine the differences between entrepreneurial management and administrative management. He concludes that the hub of entrepreneurial management is the “pursuit of opportunity”.

25. 6.1 Financial Capital/Liquidity Theory Empirical research has showed that the founding of new firms is more common when people have access to financial capital (Blanchflower et al, 2001, Evans & Jovanovic, 1989, and Holtz-Eakin et al, 1994). By implication this theory suggests that people with financial capital are more able to acquire resources to effectively exploit entrepreneurial opportunities and set up a firm to do so (Clausen, 2006).

26. 6.2 Social Capital or Social Network Theory Entrepreneurs are embedded in a larger social network structure that constitutes a significant proportion of their opportunity structure (Clausen, 2006). Shane and Eckhardt (2003)says “an individual may have the ability to recognize that a given entrepreneurial opportunity exist but might lack the social connections to transform the opportunity into a business startup. It is thought that access to a larger social network might help overcome this problem” (pp.333)

27. 6.3 Human Capital Entrepreneurship Theory Underlying the human capital entrepreneurship theory are two factors, education and experience (Becker, 1975).The knowledge gained from education and experience represents are source that is heterogeneously distributed across individuals and in effect central to understanding differences in opportunity identification and exploitation (Anderson & Miller,2003, Chandler & Hanks, 1998, Gartner et al, 2005, Shane & Venkataraman, 2000).

28. Thank you