Improvement in food resources alternate .pptx

Improvement in food resources

1. I mprovement I n Food R esources Biology-multiple assessment

2. Food supplies all the basic requirements, which are required for growth, development, and proper health. Food is a mixture of all nutrients, including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. It is the combination of various organic and substances which is capable of providing energy for the various metabolic activities. materials for repair / replacement of worn-out tissues in the body. materials for growth & reproduction. regulatory substances, body secretions and metabolic activities etc.

3. What are the major sources of food ? Agriculture Animal Husbandry

4. Why improve food resources ? Growing Population Now this can be done by farming on more land. But I ndia is already densely populated so, there is no major scope for increasing the area of land under cultivation. Hence it is necessary to increase production efficiency for both crops and livestock.

5. ‘Revolutions’ Green revolution : The Green Revolution was a period that began in the 1960s during which agriculture in India was converted into a modern industrial system by the adoption of technology, such as the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, mechanised farm tools, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. White Revolution: The White Revolution was started by the Indian Government to increase the sales of dairy products, and their consumption. It started in the year 1970. This was a movement to help farmers engaged in dairy production. This revolution was called the white revolution or operation flood because of the white colour associated with dairy products such as milk, curd, paneer , etc.

6. Green Revolution White Revolution Blue Revolution Golden Revolution

7. Blue Revolution: Blue Revolution also called as Neel or Nili Kranti Mission in India was launched in 1985-1990 during the 7th Five-Year Plan. The main objective is to develop, manage, and promote fisheries to double the farmers' income . Golden Revolution: The Golden revolution is related to the production of honey and horticulture. It is a part of the important agricultural revolutions of India. Nirpakh Tutej is considered to be the Father of The Golden Revolution in India.

8. How do we increase the yields of crops and livestock?

9. Improvement in crop yields Types of crops: cereals Pulses Seeds Vegetables,spices and fruits

10. Crop seasons: Rabi Crops in India Rabi crops are grown in the winter season during the period between October to December and harvested in the summer season between April to June. Rabi crops in India during the season are barley, mustard, sesame , peas etc Kharif Season Crops Kharif crops are grown at the start of the monsoon season and are harvested during the offset between the months of September to October. Some of the important Kharif crops in India during the season are jawar , bajra , toor , paddy, maize, soybean, jute, cotton, etc.

11. In India there has been a four times increase in the production of food grains from 1952 to 2010 with only 25% increase in the cultivable land are. How was this increase in production achieved? The major groups of activities for improving crop yields can be classified as: Crop variety improvement Crop production improvement Crop production management

12. Crop variety improvement Crop variety improvement is the primary step to improve food crop production. It helps in the development of crops with desired traits such as high yields, disease resistance, quality product and response to fertilizers. We can raise different strains of food crops with desirable traits naturally as well as scientifically. Two of the scientific methods are as follows :

13. Hybridisation The crossing of genetically dissimilar plants is referred to as hybridization. Hybridization may take place between two different varieties of the same species ( intervarietal ), between two different species of the same genus(interspecific) or between different genera ( intergeneric ).

14. When a desirable gene is added to the genome of a crop, we get genetically modified crops. Examples of genetically modified crops or GM crops are Bt cotton, Bt brinjal , golden rice, etc. There are several reasons why different improved varieties of crops are generated. The reasons include the following. Higher yield. Improved quality. Maturity duration. Wider adaptability. Biotic and abiotic resistance. Desirable agronomic characteristics. Genetically modified crops

15. Crop production management About 70% of the Indian population practices agriculture. Hence, the production and management of crops is an important aspect to ensure optimal productivity in the fields. The major agricultural practices involved in crop production and management are listed below: Preparation of Soil Sowing of Seeds Addition of Manure and Fertilizers Irrigation Protection from Weeds Harvesting Storage.

16. Nutrient Management A plant gets its nutrients from air, water and soil. There are sixteen nutrients which are essential for plants. Air supplies carbon and oxygen, hydrogen comes from water, and soil supplies the other thirteen nutrients to plants. Nutrient management is done by supplying the soil with required nutrients by adding fertilizers and manures.

17. Among the 13 essential nutrients, 6 are the essential nutrients required in abundance for the growth and development of plants. These essential nutrients are collectively called macronutrients . Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium ( Ca ), Sulfur (S), and Magnesium are the macronutrients required by plants . Macronutrients Among the 13 essential nutrients, 6 are classified into macronutrients and the other 7 are classified into micronutrients. These nutrients include iron (Fe), boron (B), chlorine ( Cl ), manganese ( Mn ), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo). They are required in very small quantities; therefore, they are also called trace minerals. Micronutrients

18. Manure is an organic matter obtained from the solid wastes of animals, humans, sludge, sewage, domestic waste, decomposed dead plants and animals and other plant wastes, including dry leaves, twigs, agricultural wastes, weeds, etc. It contains a huge quantity of nutrients, which improves the soil quality and increase the yield of healthy crops. Compost and Vermicompost The process in which the biological waste material is decomposed in pits is known as composting. When compost is prepared by using earthworms to hasten the process, it’s called vermicompost . Green Manure Prior to the sowing of the crop seeds, some plants like sun hemp or guar are grown and then mulched by ploughing them into the soil. These green plants thus turn into green manure, which helps in enriching the soil nutrients. Manure

19. Compost Vermi -compost Green Manure Plants

20. Fertilizers are plant nutrients that are manufactured commercially and are only needed in modest amounts. This fertiliser is available in a variety of brands on the market. NPK fertiliser , which contains nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, is a common type of fertiliser . Organic Farming Organic farming is a type of farming that uses little or no chemicals as fertilisers and relies heavily on organic manures.To achieve the most chemical-free output, all resources are exploited to their full potential. Fertilizers

21. Irrigation Irrigation is the technique of applying water to crops artificially in order to meet their water needs. Irrigation may be used in a variety of ways to increase agricultural productivity. This procedure ensures that the crops receive water at the appropriate times. During their growth season, for example, which aids in improving agricultural yields. Canals, wells, river lift systems, tanks, rainwater gathering, and watersheds are used for irrigation.

22. The proportion of land under various crops is referred to as the cropping pattern. The following are the three types of cropping patterns : Intercropping is a cropping practice in which two or more crops are grown in the same plot of land in a certain row pattern at the same time. Crop production is improved by using this sort of cropping pattern. As a result, small farmers who are fully reliant on rains for a higher return follow it. Crop Rotation is a farming practice that involves planting many crops on the same piece of land in a predetermined order. Crops are chosen for one-year rotations, two-year rotations, and three-year rotations based on their duration. Mixed cropping is a cropping method in which two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land at the same time. Farmers choose this method because it decreases the danger of total crop loss due to insufficient rainfall or un- favourable weather conditions. Cropping Patterns

23. Crop Protection Management . Crop protection is the general method or the practice of protecting the crop yields from different agents including pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that cause damage to the agricultural crops. Apart from crops, agricultural fields would have weeds, small animals like rats, mites, insects, pests, disease-causing pathogens and frequently raided by birds. All these factors are mainly responsible for the loss or damage to the crops. Thus to yield high crop production, farmers need to protect the crop from these pests. Hence crop protection management is important before, during and after the cultivation.

24. Weeds are unwanted plants growing along with the crops. These undesirable plants, steal the nutrients, sunlight, water and other resources from the crops and affect their growth, which results in the undernourished of crops and decreases the yields. To safeguard the productivity of crops, farmers remove these weeds by a process called weeding. Weeding is the process of controlling the growth of weeds. There are various methods of weeding: Spraying weedicides on the weeds Manually plucking the weeds by hands Removing weeds by trowel and harrow Ploughing the field to remove the weeds even before sowing the seeds Few examples of weeds are Amaranthus , Cyperinus rotundus , Bermuda grass, etc. Apart from weeding, Herbicides – a chemical substance also play an important role in controlling the growth of the weeds and also help in preventing soil erosion and water loss. W eeds

25. Type of Weeding

26. Both insects and pests are the major cause of crop damage and yield loss. They could ruin the whole crop and eat up the large portion of grains. In fact, they can reduce crop output by 30-50(%) every year if left unchecked. The best ways to protect crop damage are by incorporating integrated pest and insect management. Spraying insecticides, pesticides help to minimize the crop damage by controlling the insects and other pests. Insects and pests

27. Pathogenic diseases are another type of crop-damaging factors. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses affect different parts of the crop through various means. Crops could be protected from these diseases by using pesticides and biocontrol agents. These are crop protection management, which should be followed before and during the cultivation. Plant diseases

28. Once the crop has reached maturity, it now needs to be harvested. So harvesting is the cutting and gathering of the matured crop. The term harvesting also generally includes the immediate post-harvest practices such as threshing and winnowing. Let us look at both these processes Threshing: The process of separating the grains from their chaffs or pods is threshing Winnowing: After threshing, we must separate the grains from the chaffs. Winnowing is the process of separating the grains. There are various factors to consider before the harvesting of crops. The crops need close examination to ensure that harvesting is not premature. This leads to shedding of seeds and loss of crop. If the crops are over-ripened, they may lose their value in the market or may even be unconsumable . Harvesting in India is generally done manually. Sicles are a tool that is used to cut the crop. This method is a laborious and time-consuming and only suitable for small-sized farms. On larger farms, a harvester is used which combines harvesting with threshing and winnowing. Crop protection after cultivation

29. Harvesting Threshing Winnowing It is a process o f cutting of matured crops. It is a process of loosening of chaff from the grains. It is a process of complete separation of the chaff and dust particles from the grains. Traditionally is done with the help of a Sickle. Traditionally is done by striking harvested crop against hard surface. Separation of grains is done with the help of wind. Harvesting is also carried out with the help of a machine called ‘combine’ (Combination of Harvester and Thresher) Winnowing is also carried out by the help of a winnowing machine. Its is done before Threshing. It is done after Harvesting. It is done after Threshing.

30. Cultivated grains must be stored safely to avoid product loss. Chances of grain loss are much higher during this time than before cultivation. Therefore, methods of protection need to be better. Common pests and rodents and some environmental conditions like humidity and temperature are the responsible factors for the loss. Certain precautions help us to prevent this loss. Before storing the grains, it should be cleaned and dried completely in sunlight as it helps in protecting the crops from fungal growth, which is caused by the presence of moisture. Pests could also be killed by a method called fumigation. According to modern agricultural technologies, there are various tools for managing weeds, insects, and disease. The tools include the applications of pesticides, soil profile, nutrient management etc. Granaries Silos

31. Animal husbandry refers to livestock raising and selective breeding. It is the management and care of animals in which the genetic qualities and behavior of animals are further developed for profit. A large number of farmers depend upon animal husbandry for their livelihood. Animals provide us with a variety of food products which have high nutritional values. Therefore, they require a lot of care and attention. Animals are bred commercially in order to meet the high demand for food. Animal Husbundry

32. As animal husbandry is scientific management of farm animals, it serves many uses for human beings. Animal husbandry helps in the proper management of animals by providing proper food, shelter and protection against diseases to domestic animals. It provides employment to a large number of farmer and thereby increases their living standards. It helps in developing high yielding breeds of animals by cross breeding. This increases the production of various food products such as milk, eggs, meat, etc. It involves the proper disposal of animal waste and promotes a healthy environment. Advantages of animal husbandry

33. Cattle farming is the practice of raising cattle for various purposes, such as for meat, milk, and as draft animals. Cattle farming is an important industry worldwide and has been a key part of agriculture for thousands of years. cattle farming is the practice of rearing cattle by providing facilities for raising livestock . Cattle farming Livestock includes domestication of cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs etc. A cattle farming is carried out to raise cows and buffaloes as important livestock. The two major species of Indian cattle are Bosindicus , or cows, and Bosbubalis , or buffaloes.

34. . Management practices for cattle include cleaning, sheltering and feeding. Cleaning involves periodic washing to get rid of dirt and loose hair . b) Shelter facilities include well ventilated roof sheds which protect cattle from rain, cold and sun . c) Feeding of cattle includes supply of uncontaminated and balanced diet. Animal feed are of two types namely roughage feed and concentrate feed . • Roughage feed contains high fibre content and provides energy. It comprises fodder grasses, silage and legumes rich in fibre . • Concentrate feed is a mixture of cereals, seeds and oilseed cake rich in protein content. This type of feed is easily digestible and it helps the animal in increasing body weight . Management practices for cattle farming

35. d) Cattle should be protected from diseases. Diseases in cattle are caused by both external and internal parasites. External parasites live on the skin and cause skin diseases. Internal parasites affect the stomach and intestinal parts. Certain preventive measures of diseases in animals are listed . • Proper disposal of dead animals and animal wastes. • Shelters should be clean, dry and well ventilated. • Periodic visit of veterinary physician to check the animals. • Hygienic management of animals and animal products . e ) Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses and fungi. Sheds should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. Vaccination against various diseases should be provided to farm animals. Vaccination should be given against various diseases.

36. f) Milk production centres should be maintained for the animals which give birth to young ones. Milk production depends on duration of lactation period. Lactation period is the period following the birth of a calf during which milk is produced by the animal. Lactation period can be enhanced by administering certain hormonal injections. g) Cross-breeding is done between foreign and local breeds of animals to facilitate the growth of animals with desired qualities. e.g. Foreign breed like Jersey cow, with long lactation period, is crossed with local breed like Red Sindhi cow, with high resistance to disease, to obtain offspring of desired qualities like long lactation period and high resistance to diseases

37. Advantages of cross-bred cattle : After 1970, as the need for milk expanded, scientists used a process known as cross breeding, in which local cows (Indian cows) are bred (artificially) with the sperm of bulls of European breeds, which are known generically as “ Bos taurus .” Compared to normal animals, crossbred animals have improved standard production traits such milk production, growth rate, and overall animal protein production . A wider diversity of cattle and other livestock has been shown to improve production efficiency and minimise the amount of resources and inputs farmers must invest in livestock production. A few breeds produce up to 4300 kg of milk per year, reproduce about 8 calves during their reproductive life span, and the lactation period persists for more than 10 months

38. Calves grow faster Gains maturity quite early in about 14 months Begin to reproduce in about 2 years Reproduce regularly once in 15-20 months The breeding period persists for more than 10 months More disease-resistant Suitable for tropical climate Some other advantages include:

39. Poultry farming is the practice of raising fowl for egg production and chicken meat. Fowls are used for producing eggs and broilers are used for producing meat. Cross –breeding is common in poultry to develop new varieties with the desirable traits. e.g Indian breed Aseel is cross-bred with the foreign breed Leghorn . Cross-breeding is used to develop offspring with desirable traits. The desirable traits include dwarf broilers that can be used as meat within a short period of time, higher number and better quality of chicks, and tolerance to high temperatures during summer . Poultry farming :

40. Hens raised for egg production are called layers. Young birds are vaccinated. Their food should be rich in vitamins, minerals and macronutrients. They start laying eggs at the age of 5 months. The average egg production period in commercial layers is 500 days. Broilers are quick growing birds which are raised for 6-8 weeks. They attain the weight of 700g to 1.5kg. Their food is rich in vitamin A and K . Egg and Broiler production

41. Shelter for poultry birds should be clean, well-illuminated and well-ventilated. Birds of different ages should be housed separately. Temperature in their living place should be kept between 34 °C to 38 ° C. Diseases and pests of poultry birds: Poultry birds suffer from number of diseases caused by virus (Bird flue disease), bacteria (Tuberculosis, Cholera diseases), fungi ( Aspergillosis ), parasites as well as nutritional deficiencies . Shelter

42. Fish farming is also called as aquaculture. This is culturing of fish for commercial purposes. Fish is a cheap source of animal protein . Types of fishery a) Fin fishery and Shell fishery Fish production involves fin fishery and shell fishery. Two main species of finned true fish are Catla and Rohu , and that of shellfish such as prawns and molluscs . b) Capture fishery and culture fishery Fish are obtained by capture fishing as an economic source for their meat. • Capture fishing involves capturing of fish from sea water or fresh water. Culture fishing involves culturing the fish in small enclosures. Fish farming :

43. • Capture fishing is classified into marine fishery and inland fishery depending upon the resources used for fishing. Culture fishery involves rearing of fish in small structures like wells . • Fish farming can be done in the rice field where both grains and fish can be harvested from the farm. • As feeding habits of fish differ from species to species, many varieties can be reared on the same farm. Composite fish farming is rearing of different varieties of fish in the same area. e.g. Composite fish farming includes Catla , the surface feeders, Rohu , feed in the middle zone of a pond, Mrigal and common carp, the bottom feeders, and grass carp, feeding on weeds. These species can co-exist in a single pond, and thus, increase the yield of fish from the pond.

44. c) Marine fishery and Inland fishery Mariculture is the culture of fish in marine water. • Marine fishery involves fishing in salt water regions. • Some examples of marine fish are Pomphret , Tuna and Mackerel. • Fish are captured by locating large schools of fish, in the open sea, with the help of satellites and echo-sounders. • Marine fish of high economic value are farmed in seawater. Shellfish, such as prawns, mussels and oysters are also farmed in seawater. Oysters are cultivated for their pearls. Inland fisheries involve fresh water canals, ponds, reservoirs, rivers from which fish are captured. Estuaries are the regions where fresh water mixes with sea water. These are rich sources of fish. Fish farming encounters the problem of lack of quality seed or eggs. Fish are bred in ponds by hormonal stimulation. Fish are injected with hormones that stimulate the production of eggs or seed. This ensures the supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.

45. Beehives are enclosed structures in which honey bees live and raise their young. • The practice of maintaining honey bee colonies in beehives is called bee-keeping or apiculture. Apiaries or bee farms are established for commercial production of honey . • Bee-keeping is a cheap and popular agricultural enterprise. • Honey produced in bee-hives is the source of honey used in food and medicines. Taste and the quality of the honey depend upon the flowers the bees visit for nectar collection . • Wax obtained from these hives is used in ointments, polishes etc . Apiculture :

46. Apis Cerana indica is the local variety of bees available for honey production. Apis dorsata and Apis Florae are other common varieties used for honey production. An Italian bee variety, Apismellifera , is commonly used for commercial honey production. Bees of this species are known for high amount of honey collection. Types of bees