in text citation USING IN-TEXT CITATION.pptx

in text citation

1. USING IN-TEXT CITATION

2. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list . MLA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken, for example: (Smith 163). If the source does not use page numbers, do not include a number in the parenthetical citation: (Smith).

3. A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech ( Derwing et al. 246; Thomas 15). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing and others conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program (258). Example paragraph with in-text citation

4. Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author if known.  If the author is not known, use the title  as the in-text citation. Your in-text citation should lead your reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list. Citing Web Pages In Text

5. Entire website with author: In-text citation Parents play an important role in helping children learn techniques for coping with bullying ( Kraiser ). Reference entry Kraizer , Sherryll .  Safe Child.  Coalition for Children, 2011, www.safechild.org. Web page with no author: In-text citation The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904 ("All Things Nittany "). Reference entry "All Things Nittany ."  About Penn State.  Penn State University, 2006, www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html.

6. In MLA style the author's name can be included either in the narrative text of your paper, or in parentheses following the reference to the source . Author's name part of narrative: Gass and Varonis found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (163). GENERAL GUIDELINES

7. Author's name in parentheses: One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic ( Gass and Varonis 163). Group as author: (American Psychological Association 123) Multiple works:  (separate each work with semi-colons) Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general ( Gass and Varonis 143; Thomas 24).

8. One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” ( Gass and Varonis 85 ). Gass and Varonis found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (85 ). Direct quote:

9. When citing works by multiple authors, always spell out the word "and." When a source has three or more authors, only the first one shown in the source is normally given followed by  et al . One author:  (Field 399) Works Cited entry: Field, John. "Intelligibility and the Listener: The Role of Lexical Stress."  TESOL Quarterly , vol. 39, no. 3, 2005, pp. 399-423. Two authors:  ( Gass and Varonis 67) Works Cited entry: Gass , Susan, and Evangeline M. Varonis . "The Effect of Familiarity on the Comprehensibility of Nonnative Speech."  Language Learning , vol. 34, no. 1, 1984, pp. 65-89. Three or more authors:  (Munro et al. 70) Works Cited entry: Munro, Murray J., et al. "Salient Accents, Covert Attitudes: Consciousness-raising for Pre-service Second Language Teachers."  Prospect , vol. 21, no. 1, 2006, pp. 67-79. Works by Multiple Authors

10. Number of Authors / Editors Format of In - Text Citation One  (Author's Last Name Page Number)  Example: (Case 57) Two  (Author's Last Name and Author's Last Name Page Number)  Example: (Case and  Daristotle  57) Three or more  (Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)  Example: (Case et al. 57)

11. When you quote directly from a source, enclose the quoted section in quotation marks. Add an in-text citation at the end of the quote with the author name and page number, like this: "Here's a direct quote" (Smith 8). "Here's a direct quote" ("Trouble" 22).   Note: The period goes outside the brackets, at the end of your in-text citation. Example: Mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (Hunt 358). Quoting Directly

12. When you write information or ideas from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion, like this: ​This is a paraphrase (Smith 8). This is a paraphrase ("Trouble" 22).   Note: The period goes outside the brackets, at the end of your in-text citation. Example: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 65).   Note: If the paraphrased information/idea is from several pages, include all of the page numbers. Example: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 50, 55, 65-71). Paraphrasing

13. When a source has no known author, use the first one, two, or three words from the title instead of the author's last name. Don't count initial articles like "A", "An" or "The". You should provide enough words to make it clear which work you're referring to from your Works Cited list. If the title in the Works Cited list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation. Example: ( Cell Biology  12) If the title in the Works Cited list is in quotation marks, put quotation marks around the words from the title in the in-text citation. Example: ("Nursing" 12) No Known Author

14. When you quote from electronic sources that do not provide page numbers (like webpages ), cite the author name only. If there is no author, cite the first word or words from the title only.  Examples: "Three phases of the separation response: protest, despair, and detachment" ( Garelli ). "Nutrition is a critical part of health and development" ("Nutrition"). No Page Numbers

15. Sources that are paraphrased or quoted in other sources are called indirect sources. MLA recommends you take information from the original source whenever possible.  If you must cite information from an indirect source, mention the author of the original source in the body of your text and place the name of the author of the source you actually consulted in your in-text citation. Begin your in-text citation with ' qtd . in.'  Example: Kumashiro  notes that lesbian and bisexual women of colour are often excluded from both queer communities and communities of colour  ( qtd . in Dua 188). (You are reading an article by Dua  that cites information from Kumashiro  (the original source))   Note: In your Works Cited list, you only include a citation for the source you consulted, NOT the original source. In the above example, your Works Cited list would include a citation for Dua's  article, and NOT Kumashiro's . Works Quoted in Another Sourc

16. If you're using information from a single source more than once in a row (with no other sources referred to in between), you can use a simplified in-text citation. The first time you use information from the source, use a full in-text citation. The second time, you only need to give the page number. Example: Cell biology is an area of science that focuses on the structure and function of cells (Smith 15). It revolves around the idea that the cell is a "fundamental unit of life" (17). Many important scientists have contributed to the evolution of cell biology. Mattias Jakob   Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, for example, were scientists who formulated cell theory in 1838 (20).   Note: If using this simplified in-text citation creates ambiguity regarding the source being referred to, use the full in-text citation format. Repeated Use of Sources

17. If you would like to cite more than one source within the same in-text citation, simply record the in-text citations as normal and separate them with a semi-colon. Examples: (Smith 42; Bennett 71).  ( It Takes Two ; Brock 43).  Note: The sources within the in-text citation do not need to be in alphabetical order for MLA style. In-Text Citation for More Than One Source

18. What Is a Long Quotation? If your quotation is longer than four lines, it is a considered a long quotation. This can also be referred to as a block quotation. Rules for Long Quotations There are 4 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations: Place a colon at the end of the line that you write to introduce your long quotation. Indent the long quotation 0.5 inches from the rest of the text, so it looks like a block of text. Do not put quotation marks around the quotation. Place the period at the end of the quotation  before  your in-text citation instead of  after , as with regular quotations.

19. At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behaviour : The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding, 1960, p.186) Example of a Long Quotation

20. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example: In - text citations : Author - page style

21. Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

22. Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information: Wordsworth, William.  Lyrical Ballads . Oxford UP, 1967.

23. For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). In-text citations for print sources with known author

24. These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page: Burke, Kenneth.  Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method . University of California Press, 1966.

25. When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations. In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

26. When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available. We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming"). In-text citations for print sources with no known author

27. Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's  The Communist Manifesto . In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter ( ch .), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example: Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch . 1). Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

28. When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source (for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection), cite the author of the  internal  source (i.e., the article or essay). For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in  Nature  in 1921, you might write something like this: Relativity's theoretical foundations can be traced to earlier work by Faraday and Maxwell (Einstein 782). Author-page citation for works in an anthology, periodical, or collection

29. Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example: Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). Citing authors with same last names

30. For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation: Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9). The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9). Citing a work by multiple authors

31. Corresponding Works Cited entry: Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”  Representations , vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1 For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al. According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327). The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).

32. Corresponding Works Cited entry: Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.”  American Journal of Preventative Medicine , vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.

33. If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Citing two articles by the same author : Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17). Citing multiple works by the same author

34. Citing two books by the same author : Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" ( Write to Learn  6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" ( A Writer Teaches Writing  3). Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s): Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).

35. If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.) . . . as Quintilian wrote in  Institutio Oratoria  (1: 14-17). Citing multivolume works

36. Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use " qtd . in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" ( qtd . in Weisman 259). Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source. Citing indirect sources

37. Sources that take the form of a dialog involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialog should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name (e.g., JAMES.). After the period, write the dialog. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Usually, the author and title of the source can be given in a signal phrase before quoting the excerpt, so the concluding parenthetical will often just contain location information like page numbers or act/scene indicators. Citing transcripts, plays, or screenplays

38. Here is an example from O'Neill's  The Iceman Cometh. Alcohol makes an early appearance in O'Neill's play. In the very first scene, O'Neill's characters treat alcohol as a panacea for their ills: WILLIE. (Pleadingly) Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. ROCKY. Den grab it. It's right under your nose. WILLIE. (Avidly) Thanks. (He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.) (1.1)

39. With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's  Evaluating Sources of Information  resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page. Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines: Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

40. Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name). Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function. Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like  CNN.com  or  Forbes.com,  as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

41. Electronic sources may include web pages and online news or magazine articles: One online film critic stated that  Fitzcarraldo  "has become notorious for its near-failure and many obstacles" (Taylor, “ Fitzcarraldo ”). The  Purdue OWL  is accessed by millions of users every year. Its "MLA Formatting and Style Guide" is one of the most popular resources. Electronic sources

42. In the first example (an online magazine article), the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example (a web page), a parenthetical citation is not necessary because the page does not list an author, and the title of the article, “MLA Formatting and Style Guide,” is used as a signal phrase within the sentence. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:

43. Taylor, Rumsey . " Fitzcarraldo ."  Slant , 13 Jun . 2003, www. slantmagazine .com/film/ review / fitzcarraldo /. Accessed 29 Sep . 2009.  "MLA Formatting and Style Guide ."  The Purdue OWL , 2 Aug . 2016, owl . english . purdue .edu/ owl / resource /747/01/. Accessed 2 April 2018.

44. To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon: . . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21). Multiple citations