In this pdf discuss all about electric traction system

In this pdf discuss all about electric traction system

1. Electric Traction

2. Classification Locomotives were classified by track gauge, motive power, function and power (or model number) in a four- or five-letter code. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes motive power (diesel or electric), and the third letter denotes use (goods, passenger, mixed or shunting). The fourth letter denotes a locomotive's chronological model number. In 2002, a new classification system was adopted. For newer diesel locomotives, the fourth letter denotes their horsepower  range. Not all diesel locomotives were reclassified, and the fourth letter continues to denotes their model number. A locomotive may have a fifth letter, generally denoting a technical variant, subclass or subtype: a variation in the basic model or series, or a different motor or manufacturer. Under the new system, the fifth letter further refines horsepower in 100-hp increments:  A  for 100  hp ,  B  for 200  hp ,  C  for 300  hp and so on. A WDP-3A is a 3,100  hp (2,300 kW) locomotive, and a WDM-3F is 3,600  hp (2,700 kW).

3. Nomenclature First letter (gauge): W –  Broad gauge  (wide) –  5  ft  6 in  (1,676 mm) Y –  Metre gauge  ( yard ) – 1,000 mm (3  ft  3+ 3 ⁄ 8  in) Z –  2  ft  6 in  (762 mm)  narrow gauge N –  2  ft  (610 mm) narrow (toy) gauge Second letter (motive power): D – Diesel C –  DC  electric (DC  overhead line ) A –  AC  electric (AC overhead line) CA – DC and AC (AC or DC overhead line); CA is considered one letter B – Battery (rare) Third letter (usage): G –  Goods P – Passenger M – Mixed (goods and passenger) S –  Shunting  (switching) U –  Multiple unit  ( electric  or  diesel ) R –  Railcar

4. Broad-gauge electric classification codes are WAM - Wide AC electric mixed WAP - Wide AC electric passenger WAG - Wide AC electric goods WCM - Wide DC electric mixed WCP - Wide DC electric passenger WCG - Wide DC electric goods WCAM - Wide AC/DC electric mixed WCAG - Wide AC/DC electric goods WCAS - Wide AC/DC electric shunter

5. AC mixed class (WAM Series) fdfdf Name Manufacturer Wheel Arr Quantity Built Built year(s) Power Current Status Preserved units Comments WAM-1 Kraus- Maffei Mitsubishi 36 1960-64 2910 HP Retired Retired None WAM-3 Mitsubishi Bo-Bo 2 1964 2400 HP None None WAM-4 CLW Co-Co 500 1970-1983 3850 HP In service 6 Earmarked

6. AC passenger class (WAP series ) cc Name Manufacturer Wheel Arr Quantity Built Built year(s) Power Current Status Preserved units Comments WAP-1 CLW Co-Co 65 1980-1996 3900 HP In service 1 Earmarked WAP-2 Mitsubishi Bo-Bo 4 rebuilt from WAM-2 1960–1964 2910 HP Retired None WAP-3 CLW Co-Co 9, all rebuilt from WAP-1 1987-1988 3900 HP Retired/ In service as WAP-1 None WAP-4 CLW Co-Co 778 1993-2015 5350 HP In service WAP-5 ABB / CLW Bo-Bo 223 1995– present 6000 HP In service WAP-6 CLW Co-Co 17 1995-1998 5350 HP Retired/ In service as WAP-4 WAP-7 CLW Co-Co 1412 2000– present 6350 HP In service

7. AC goods class (WAG series ) f Name Manufacturer Wheel Arrangement Quantity Built Built year(s) Power Current Status Preserve WAG-1 Niv ./SFAC/ CLW B-B 112 1963-1966 2930 HP Retired 1 unit WAG-2 Hitachi  / Toshiba  / Mitsubishi B-B 45 1964-1965 3450 HP Retired None WAG-3 Henschel / CLW B-B 10 1965 3300 HP Retired None WAG-4 CLW B-B 186 1967-1969 3590 HP Retired None WAG-5 CLW / BHEL Co-Co 1196 1978-1998 4360 HP In service 1 unit WAG-6A ASEA Bo-Bo-Bo 6 1988-1989 6110 HP In Service 1 unit WAG-6B Hitachi Bo-Bo-Bo 6 1988 6110 HP In Service 1 unit WAG-6C Hitachi Co-Co 6 1988 6110 HP In Service 1 unit WAG-7 CLW / BHEL Co-Co 1970 1990-2015 5350 HP In service 1 unit earmarked WAG-8 BHEL Co-Co 1 1990 5000 HP Retired/ Never went into service None WAG-9 ABB / CLW / BHEL Co-Co 2605 1996–present 6125 HP In service WAG-10 BLW Co-Co-Co-Co 2 2018–present 10000 HP In Service WAG-11 BLW Co-Co-Co-Co/Co-Co 4 2018–present 11000 HP Undergoing Trials WAG-12 Alstom Bo-Bo-Bo-Bo 145 2017–present 12000 HP In Service

8. DC mixed class (WCM series ) d Name Manufacturer Wheel Arr Quantity Built Built year(s) Power Current Status Preserved units Comments WCM-1 English Electric / Vulcan Foundry Co-Co 7 1954-1955 3700 HP Retired 1 WCM-2 English Electric / Vulcan Foundry Co-Co 12 1956-1957 3120 HP Retired None WCM-3 Hitachi Co-Co 3 1958 3600 HP Retired None WCM-4 Hitachi Co-Co 7 1960 4000 HP Retired None WCM-5 CLW Co-Co 21 1961-1963 3700 HP Retired 1 unit WCM-6 CLW Co-Co 2 1995 5000 HP In service

9. DC passenger class (WCP series ) s Name Manufacturer Wheel Arr Quantity Built Built year(s) Power Current Status Preserved units Comments WCP-1 SLM  / MetroVick 2-Bo-A1 22 1928-30 2160 HP Retired 1 unit WCP-2 SLM  / MetroVick 2-Bo-A1 1 1938 2160 HP Retired 1 unit WCP-3 Hawthorn Leslie ,  Marconi Company 2-Co-2 1 1928 2250 HP Retired None WCP-4 Hawthorn Leslie ,  BBC 2-Co-2 1 1928 2390 HP Retired None

10. AC Electric Locomotives

11. Power Circuit Diagram of AC Locomotive

12. Power Circuit Components of AC Locomotive Pantograph: The current collection system used by locomotives and trains on routes electrified with overhead lines. The pantograph is held up by compressed air pressure. It is designed to collapse if it detects an obstruction. It can also be lowered manually to isolate the locomotive or train . Circuit breaker: An electric train is almost always provided with some sort of circuit breaker to isolate the power supply when there is a fault, or for maintenance.  On AC systems they are usually on the roof near the pantograph. There are two types - the air blast circuit breaker and the vacuum circuit breaker or VCB. The air or vacuum part is used to extinguish the arc which occurs as the two tips of the circuit breaker are opened. Camshaft: Most DC electric traction power circuits use a camshaft to open or close the contactors controlling the resistances of the traction motor power circuit. The camshaft is driven by an electric motor or pneumatic cylinder. The cams on the shaft are arranged to ensure that the contactors open and close in the correct sequence. It is controlled by commands from the driver's cab and regulated by the fall of current in the motor circuit as each section of resistance is cut out in steps. Tap Changer: Camshaft operated set of switches used on AC electric locomotives to control the voltage taken off the main transformer for traction motor power. Superseded by thyristor control. Traction Transformer: A set of windings with a magnetic core used to step down or step up a voltage from one level to another.  The voltage differences are determined by the proportion of windings on the input side compared with the proportion on the output side.  An essential requirement for locomotives and trains using AC power, where the line voltage has to be stepped down before use on the train.

13. Power Circuit Components of AC Locomotive Rectifier: A converter consisting of thyristors and diodes which is used to convert AC to DC. A modern locomotive will usually have at least two, a "Main Rectifier" for the power circuits and one or more for the auxiliary circuits. Smoothing Choke: Smoothing choke  reduces the alternating components of rectified direct current . It acts as a filter. The smoothing choke reduces the undesirable effects on the proper working of an induction motor such as commutation and uneven heating . Traction Motor: Traction motors are  powered by electricity and generate the power to rotate the wheels of the train . The turning force produced by traction motors is transmitted to the wheels via the driving gear unit and axle. Traction motors are typically mounted in the trucks where the wheels are housed. Linear induction motors run on a three-phase supply and can generate high speeds. This made the linear induction motors be used in conveyors and trams. These are generally used in the ac traction which provides the three-phase ac supply . Series DC motors are generally used  where high starting torque is required, and speed variations are possible . 

14. Equipment's in Auxiliary Circuit & their Functions Head Light: Much like those used for cars, train headlights typically combine  a light source with a parabolic, or cup-shaped, reflective surface  that focuses the emitted light into a beam. Although LEDs are a great option for saving energy, the most energy-efficient LEDs emit smaller spots of light . Flasher Light: The provision of flasher light in locomotive has great significance from both the safety and operating point of view. It attracts the attention of driver of approaching train on the adjacent track and indicates  him to be cautious and stop train in  the event of any unsafe track conditions. Horn: A train horn  is an air horn that serves as an audible warning device on diesel and electric powered trains. The horn's primary purpose is to alert persons and animals to an oncoming train, especially when approaching a level crossing. They are often extremely loud, allowing them to be heard from a great distance .

15. Equipment's in Auxiliary Circuit & their Functions Marker Light: The rear marker lights are lit, and  red in colour , when the loco is travelling light. This helps confirm that the loco is supposed to be travelling light and that there hasn't been a parting of its load. A marker lamp can also be switched to red in the front if there is greater danger of collision on that side . Batteries: Normally provided on locomotives and trains as a basic, low voltage standby current supply source and for start up purposes when livening up a dead vehicle. The battery is normally charged from the on-board auxiliary power supply. Arno Converter: This is a  rotary convertor  which has a combined set of windings and is used to convert the single phase supply from the Tertiary winding of the Loco transformer to Three-Phase AC which is fit for use by the various Auxiliary machines in the loco . Blowers: It is used for cooling high-voltage transformers, especially in high-speed trains for rail traction motor. Exhausters: The exhaust system in locomotive consists   of piping and components that guide the gasses produced by an internal combustion process in the engine .

16. Equipment's in Auxiliary Circuit & their Functions Compressors: Compressed air is almost always used for brakes and sometimes for powering train doors. Also once popular for powering traction power switches or contactors. It is usually used for raising pantographs on overhead line systems. Compressed air needs drying after compression to avoid moisture from condensation getting into valves.  The compressor is normally driven directly from the main power source (the overhead line or third rail on electrified lines or the main generator on diesel powered vehicles). The compressor itself consists of a pump driven by an electric motor. Power from the motor comes from the on-board electrical supply or, sometimes, directly from the traction supply. On electric locomotives, the supply can come from the transformer, via a rectifier and on a diesel locomotive, from the auxiliary alternator.  On some diesel locomotives, the compressor is driven directly from the diesel engine by way of a connecting shaft. Selsyn transformer: A synchro, also known as a selsyn , is  a rotary transformer used to transmit shaft torque . A TX, torque transmitter, accepts a torque input at its shaft for transmission on three-phase electrical outputs.

17. Loco bogie classification according to wheel arrangements

18. Wheel Arrangement of Locomotives

19. Bogie Classification

20. AC systems

21. AC systems Arrangements

22. The Methods of Signaling Flag signaling. Flashing light signaling. Sound signaling . Voice over a loud hailer. Radiotelegraphy. Radiotelephony. Hand flags or arms.

23. Signaling and Supervisory Control

24. Track Circuit - Block Unoccupied

25. Track Circuit - Block Unoccupied

26. Multi-Aspect Signals

27. Four-Aspect Signaling

28. Advantages of remote control Systems An industrial remote control allows you to operate the device or machine without interfering with cables. This means more freedom of movement and you are not limited to the maximum length of a cable. Cable controls usually require more maintenance because cables tend to wear out more quickly in industrial environments.

29. The Components of M etro Rail The primary electrical engineering components in a metro system include the rolling stock requirement, train operational plan, traction system, signaling & transmission system, substations & power supply, ventilation/air conditioning, and maintenance . From Traction Substations, 750 Volts D.C. is fed to 3rd rail through DC High Speed Circuit Breakers and cables.

30. Advantage of Metro rail The Metro Rail System has proven to be most efficient in terms of energy consumption, space occupancy and numbers transported. High-capacity carriers – very high volumes of peak hour peak direction trips. Eco-friendly – causes no air pollution, much less sound pollution.

31. S chemes in India of Metro rail There are currently 15 operational rapid transit (popularly known as 'metro') systems in fifteen cities across India, with Delhi Metro being the largest. As of December 2022, India has 803.16 km of operational metro lines and 15 systems. A further 568.15 km of lines are under construction.

32. Urban rail transit in India