Incident Prevention .

Incident Prevention adalah proses pengelolaan risiko dan upaya proaktif untuk mencegah insiden atau kecelakaan di tempat kerja. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengurangkan kemungkinan terjadinya kecelakaan, cedera, atau kerosakan hartabenda dengan mengidentifikasikan potensi bahaya potensi dan dan mengambil tindakan yang sesuai.

1. 1
Incident Prevention

2. 2
Learning Objectives
•To define what is incident
•To explain the causes of incident & role
of management control
•To explain 3 theory on accident
causation
•To list the cost involved in an incident

3. 3
Scope
•Principles of loss prevention
•Causes of incidents
•Incidents and productivity
•Approach to loss prevention

4. 4
Principles of
Incident Prevention
1.Incident prevention is good management
2.Management and workers must fully
cooperate
3.Top management must lead

5. 5
Principles of
Incident Prevention
4.There must be an OSH policy
5.Must have organisation and resources
to implement the OSH policy
6.Best available information and
technology must be applied

6. 6
What Is An Incident?
•An incident is:
–An unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events
–That occurs through a combination of causes
–Which result in:
•Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an
individual,
•Damage to property,
•A near-miss,
•Any combination of these effects.

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Why Prevent Incidents?

•Legal
•Human Rights
•Business

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Causes Of Incidents

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Types of Incidents
•Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property:
–A forklift dropping a load
–Someone falling off a ladder
•That occur over an extended period:
–Hearing loss
–Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals

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Early Theory Of Accidents
(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury

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Heinrich’s
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury

12. 12
Accident Causation Model (1974)

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Poor Management Safety Policy &
Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Unplanned Incidence
The Three Basic Causes of
Accidents

 
Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Act
Direct Causes
Indirect causes
Three Basic Causes Of Accident
ACCIDENT
Personal Injury,
Property Damage
Basic Causes

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Lack of Management Control
• Management responsible for:
–Selection of workers
–Machinery and equipment
–System of work
–Information and training
–Supervision, etc
• The accident prone worker is a false
approach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator.

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Multiple Cause Of Accidents
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.
Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B
(Not look where going)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Accident
(Trip)

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Fall From a Defective Ladder
–Why was the defective ladder not found
during normal inspection?
–Why did the supervisor allow its use?
–Didn't the injured employee know it
should not be used?

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Fall From a Defective Ladder
–Was the employee properly trained?
–Was the employee reminded not to use
the ladder?
–Did the superior examine the job first?

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Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
–Was there a necessity for that person to
walk in that area or was there a safer
route.
–If the person was not in a hurry would
they have been more aware of their
surroundings and avoided the wood.

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Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
–If the area was better lit would the
person have avoided the wood.
–Could the wood have been removed.

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The Accident Pyramid
TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
400400 Near misses
8080 Property
5050 First aid
33 Lost days
11Fatal / Serious injury

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Accepted Accident Theory
•Multiple Causation Theory
–A single unsafe act or condition may or
may not cause an accident but both are
caused by lack of management control.
•Bird Loss Causation Model
–In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of
quality control.

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Accepted Accident Theory
•Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative
–Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream control
and worker participation.

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Productivity Aspect Of OSH

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Direct Vs. Indirect
Incident Cost Iceberg
It is estimated
that for every $1
in direct incident
costs, there are
anywhere from $4
to $11 in indirect
or “hidden” costs.
Indirect
Costs
Direct
Costs

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The Hidden Costs
1.Product and material
damage
2.Plant and building
damage
3.Tool and equipment
damage
4.Expenditure on
emergency
5.Fines
6.Legal costs
7.Investigation time
8.Supervisors time
diverted
9.Clerical Effort
10.Overtime working
11.Temporary labour
12.Loss of expertise /
experience supplies
13.Clearing site
14.Production delays
Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.
Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs

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Incident Prevention Costs
•DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine
guards)
•OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs,
PPE, etc.)
•SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS
(health surveillance, audits etc)

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Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control
Measures
•Compare specific incident costs with
cost of specific improvement being
suggested.

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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
•All injuries and occupational illnesses
are preventable.
•Management is directly responsible for
doing this.
•Safety is a condition of employment.
•Training is required.

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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
•Safety audits and inspections must be
carried out.
•Deficiencies must be corrected promptly.
•All unsafe practices, incidents and injury
accidents will be investigated.

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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
•Safety away from work is as important as
safety at work
•Incident prevention is costeffective
‑
; the
highest cost is human suffering.
•Employees must be actively involved.

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Summary
•Incident in the workplace is largely caused
by lack of management control
•“If you think safety is expensive, try
accidents”
•Implement an appropriate company policy
•Control OSH risk
•Put a management system in place
•Promote Occupational Safety and Health