Incineration biomedicalwaste

Incineration biomedicalwaste

1. SHORT-TERM COURSE ON “Application of advanced fluidization techniques to waste management and energy production (aaftwmep-2008)” sponsored by AICTE Venue: Department of Chemical Engineering NIT Rourkela N I T R Dr. (Mrs.) A. Sahoo Assitt. professor Course-coordinator 1 NIT Rourkela

2. TREATMENT TO THE MEDICAL WASTE USING FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION Dr. Arvind Kumar Lecturer Deptt. of Chemical Engg. NIT Rourkela E-mail: [email protected] 2 NIT Rourkela

3. INTRODUCTION Cultures and stocks of infectious substances Human Pathological waste Used Sharps Contaminated animal wastes Isolation wastes Blood and blood products Unused, discarded sharps 3 NIT Rourkela

4. INTRODUCTION Medical waste are very harmful Degrade the environment severely Causes several disease like AIDS, HBV, SARS, Avian Flue, Malaria, and carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects, reproductive system damage, respiratory effects, central nervous system effects, and many others deteriorating quality of potable water 4 NIT Rourkela

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6. Public health implications of waste 6 NIT Rourkela

7. MEDICAL WASTE SOLIDIFIER The solidification of the medical waste insures makes the waste easier to handle, prevents cross-contamination through spills and minimizes leakage during transportation of the solidified waste to the disposal location. It can be done by The solidifying agent can be a polymeric compound, frequently referred to as a superabsorbent compound. Several polymeric compounds which belong to this group include cross-linked acrylics, cross-linked glycolates, starch-graft polymers and cellulose esters. The microbicidal agent is typically a chemical compound which, when in contact with an aqueous medium, releases a chemical antimicrobial agent to the medium. 7 NIT Rourkela

8. Characteristics of medical waste suitable for incineration Low heating value: above 2000 kcal/kg (8370 kJ/kg) for Starved air incinerators. Above 3500 kcal/kg (14640 kJ/kg) for Excess air incinerators. Content of combustible matter above 60%. Content of non-combustible solids below 5%. Content of non-combustible fines below 20%. Moisture content below 30%. The daily waste generation rate of four hospitals was 985 kg/day, projected to be 1267 kg/day in 2015. analysis indicated that the moisture content of wastes was 14,2 % . The four hospital wastes consist of 92% combustible wastes and 8% noncombustible wastes by mass. The combustible wastes constitute paper (16%), textiles (10,2%), cardboard (4%), plastics (41,2%) and food waste (17%). Source: S. Altin et al. 2002 Turkey 8 NIT Rourkela

9. Estimatimation the hospital waste generation rate as kg/bed/day Wday = ( Wmed + Wkit ) / Np where; Wday - waste rate (kg /bed/day-unit) Wmed - total medical waste (kg/day-unit) Wkit - total kitchen waste (kg/day-unit) Np - the number of overnight patients Predicted waste generation rate WAi = Npi * P * Ap * 365 where: WAi - total waste of year i Npi - total number of beds P - percentage of beds Ap - waste per patient (kg/day) 9 NIT Rourkela

10. Medical Waste Collection Van of Calcutta Municipal Corporation to find that the rules are being violated at every step 10 NIT Rourkela

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18. Objective and Techniques available to MW Objective: it is necessary to have a appropriate and potentially sound technique to treat them in a proper way 18 NIT Rourkela

19. TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE TO MW 1. STEAM STERILIZATION: This sterilizing equipment sterilizes the waste by exposing it to steam under high pressure, thereby making it free of any contaminants. Application of Medical Waste Sterilizer/Steam Sterilizers Pharmaceutical Chemicals Food and Catering Waste processing Centres 19 NIT Rourkela

20. GAS STERILIZATION: The gas penetrates the waste and kills infectious agents. Gas sterilization is rarely used to treat medical wastes. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION: Primarily through the use of chlorine products, is another method to treat medical waste. MICROWAVE: The shredded waste is then mixed with water and subjected to microwaves. The microwaves internally heat the waste, rather than applying heat externally, as in an autoclave. IRRADIATION: To sterilize medical equipment or waste is irradiation, generally through exposure of the waste to a cobalt source. The gamma radiation generated by the cobalt source inactivates all microbes AUTOCLAVES: Autoclaves are closed chambers that apply both heat and pressure, and sometimes steam, over a period of time to sterilize medical equipment. 20 NIT Rourkela

21. Micro wave-shredding Pyrolysis and oxidation treatment 21 NIT Rourkela

22. Chemical Process Hydrolysis treatment Eco Cycle 22 NIT Rourkela

23. Thermal inactivation of microbes using: Moisture Heat Pressure Pyrolysis High temperature non-combustion treatment Forms glassy aggregate as residual Requires energy to operate Relatively new technology – requires careful consideration 23 NIT Rourkela

24. 1. Currently one of the best available, suitable and technically potential technique for the medical waste treatment. 2. The most widely used treatment technology. 3. It is high-temperature dry oxidation process that reduces organic and combustible waste to inorganic, incombustible matter and results in a very significant reduction of waste volume and weight. MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATION 24 NIT Rourkela

25. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL WASTE SUITABLE FOR INCINERATION Low heating value: above 2000 kcal/kg (8370 kJ/kg) for Starved air incinerators. Above 3500 kcal/kg (14640 kJ/kg) for Excess air incinerators. Content of combustible matter above 60%. Content of non-combustible solids below 5%. Content of non-combustible fines below 20%. Moisture content below 30%. 25 NIT Rourkela

26. WASTE TYPES NOT TO BE INCINERATED Pressurized gas containers. Large amounts of reactive chemical waste. Silver salts and photographic or radiographic wastes. Halogenated plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Waste with high mercury or cadmium content, such as broken thermometers, used batteries, and lead-lined wooden panels. Sealed ampoules or ampoules containing heavy metals. 26 NIT Rourkela

27. Fluidized Bed Incinerator incinerate means to burn something until nothing is left but ashes FBI-An incinerator that uses a bed of hot sand or other granular material to transfer heat directly to destroy slurry and sludge. 27 NIT Rourkela

28. Flue gas treatment with powder activated carbon 28 NIT Rourkela

29. KIND OF INCINERATOR liquid-waste-incinerator liquid-waste-incinerator 29 NIT Rourkela

30. Fluidized Bed Incinerator Fluid: particle motion like fluid Fluidized bed: If this phenomena is occurring in bed Incineration: If the particle is contaminated and incinerated in bed so it is Called FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR 30 NIT Rourkela

31. FLUIDIZED-BED GASIFICATION AND POWER GENERATION Twin internally Circulating Fluidized-bed Gasifier (TIFG) The high-efficiency waste-based power generating system 31 NIT Rourkela

32. Process Flow Diagram Design Temp: 1550o F 32 NIT Rourkela

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34. Circulating Fluidized Bed Incinerator 34 NIT Rourkela

35. Outline of Equipment CFBI Effectively satisfy the diverse demands made of any sludge incinerators. It can accommodate high-calorie sludge, manifold sludge properties, and load changes, and incinerate sludge mixed with other waste materials. By operating at a high superficial velocity of 4.0-8.0 m/s, It performs the role of mixing and stirring sludge with the bed material, sand, as well as the role of a heating medium High-calorie waste material, a heat exchanger is built into the bottom of the down comer, allowing heat to be recovered inside the incinerator. 35 NIT Rourkela

36. FEATURES Stable Combustion : temperature inside the incinerator is uniform, temperature control (combustion control) is easy Low Energy Consumption: The blower required to circulate the sand operates with a low discharge pressure. Heat Recovery Inside Incinerator High-Intensity Combustion : superficial velocity range of 4.0-8.0 m/s, the relative speed (slip speed) of gas and particles is maximized Desulfurization Inside Incinerator : Spraying slaked lime into the furnace enables desulfurization inside the Incinerator, desulfurization efficiency of around 90% can be expected 36 NIT Rourkela

37. Performance EPA's proposal, Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources Medical Waste Incinerators 37 NIT Rourkela

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40. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INCINERATION PROCESS Advantages Potentially destroy any material containing organic carbon including pathogens, Typically reduce the volume and mass of material that must be disposed off in landfills by 80–95%, and Heat of combustion can be recovered and used to generate steam or hot water. Disadvantages Incineration may emit trace amounts of unwanted pollutants such as the polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans (PCDD and PCDF) and metal particulates if incinerators are not well designed and operated. The ash and wastewater produced by the process also contain toxic compounds, which have to be treated to avoid adverse effects on health and the environment. 40 NIT Rourkela

41. Potential incineration emissions Particulate matter Acid gases Trace metals Products of incomplete combustion Polynuclear organic matter (including dioxins and furans, PCDD and PCDF). 41 NIT Rourkela

42. Solid and liquid effluents from incinerators Organic material: Trace organics (PCDD/PCDF ) Pathogens Cytotoxic materials Inorganic material Toxic and carcinogenic metals Radioactive material . 42 NIT Rourkela

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