India -Forest areas
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About This Presentation
Understanding of the area under forest is necessary while studying the geography of India. Hence, in this module, the following aspects are highlighted:
1. forest area in India
2. forest areas classified
3. distribution of forest areas
4. state-wise forest areas
5. mangrove and tree cover.
Slide Content
1
INDIA –FOREST AREAS
by
Prof. A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science
University of Mysore,India
INDIA –FOREST AREAS
by
Prof. A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science
University of Mysore,India
2
Introduction:
The Indian sub-continent has several
geographically significant features.
The physiographic conditions, climate, natural
vegetation and other resources all vary very
widely, in India.
India’s land mass lies within the Latitudes 8
degree 4 minutes to 37 degrees 6 minutes north
and the Longitudes 68 degrees 7 minutes to 97
degrees 2 minutes east.
Introduction:
The Indian sub-continent has several
geographically significant features.
The physiographic conditions, climate, natural
vegetation and other resources all vary very
widely, in India.
India’s land mass lies within the Latitudes 8
degree 4 minutes to 37 degrees 6 minutes north
and the Longitudes 68 degrees 7 minutes to 97
degrees 2 minutes east.
3
Both, physiographically and biogeographically,
India is one of the most diverse countries, in the
world.
In india, Out of the total land area of 328
Million hectares, almost 142.5 million ha (ie.
About 43.3%) is under agricultural
development and nearly 76.5 million ha (ie.
About 23.27%) is occupied by Forests.
India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity
countries in the world.
Both, physiographically and biogeographically,
India is one of the most diverse countries, in the
world.
In india, Out of the total land area of 328
Million hectares, almost 142.5 million ha (ie.
About 43.3%) is under agricultural
development and nearly 76.5 million ha (ie.
About 23.27%) is occupied by Forests.
India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity
countries in the world.
4
The Indian forests meet the demand of almost
40% of the energy requirements of the country.
Of this, more than 80% is utilized in rural areas
and about 30% of fodder needs of the cattle
population, are also met out of this.
All Forest products play a very significant role
in the rural and tribal economy.
For landless families and marginal farmers, the
forest related activities often represent the
primary source of income.
The Indian forests meet the demand of almost
40% of the energy requirements of the country.
Of this, more than 80% is utilized in rural areas
and about 30% of fodder needs of the cattle
population, are also met out of this.
All Forest products play a very significant role
in the rural and tribal economy.
For landless families and marginal farmers, the
forest related activities often represent the
primary source of income.
5
Understanding of the area under forest is
necessary while studying the geography of
India.
Hence, in this module, the following aspects are
highlighted:
1. FOREST AREA IN INDIA
2. FOREST AREAS CLASSIFIED
3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREAS
4. STATE-WISE FOREST AREAS
5. MANGROVE AND TREE COVER.
Understanding of the area under forest is
necessary while studying the geography of
India.
Hence, in this module, the following aspects are
highlighted:
1. FOREST AREA IN INDIA
2. FOREST AREAS CLASSIFIED
3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREAS
4. STATE-WISE FOREST AREAS
5. MANGROVE AND TREE COVER.
6
1. FOREST AREA IN INDIA
Forests are both a resource and a habitat.
Forestry is an important part of landuse, and
different types of landuse complement each
other. Landuse planning involves allocating
land for different uses based on land capability
and agro-ecological conditions.
In 2011, the global distribution of forests was
analysed.
1. FOREST AREA IN INDIA
Forests are both a resource and a habitat.
Forestry is an important part of landuse, and
different types of landuse complement each
other. Landuse planning involves allocating
land for different uses based on land capability
and agro-ecological conditions.
In 2011, the global distribution of forests was
analysed.
7
The observations are:
Rank Country Area in km
2
% of land area
1 Russia 7,762,602 45.40%
2 Brazil 4,776,980 56.10%
3 Canada 3,101,340 31.06%
4 United States 3,030,890 30.84%
5 China 1,821,000 18.21%
6 European Union 1,600,000 35.00%
7 Australia 1,470,832 19.00%
8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,219,326 52.00%
9 Argentina 945,336 34.00%
10 Indonesia 884,950 46.46%
11 Venezuela 747,881 82.00%
12 India 778,424 23.68%
13 Mexico 710,000 36.50%
The observations are:
Rank Country Area in km
2
% of land area
1 Russia 7,762,602 45.40%
2 Brazil 4,776,980 56.10%
3 Canada 3,101,340 31.06%
4 United States 3,030,890 30.84%
5 China 1,821,000 18.21%
6 European Union 1,600,000 35.00%
7 Australia 1,470,832 19.00%
8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,219,326 52.00%
9 Argentina 945,336 34.00%
10 Indonesia 884,950 46.46%
11 Venezuela 747,881 82.00%
12 India 778,424 23.68%
13 Mexico 710,000 36.50%
8
India is the twelfth country in terms of its forest
areas.
Forests in India got evolved over centuries.
The land allocation for forestry has clearly
earmarked the areas set apart as
a. Forestlands, primarily for production of
goods and services and as protected areas,
and
India is the twelfth country in terms of its forest
areas.
Forests in India got evolved over centuries.
The land allocation for forestry has clearly
earmarked the areas set apart as
a. Forestlands, primarily for production of
goods and services and as protected areas,
and
9
b. Non-forestlands where agro forestry, farm
woodlots, wind belts, shelterbelts, avenue
trees, urban parks, homestead forests and
sacred groves could develop.
India’s Forest Conservation Act 1980 is one of
the most progressive forest conservation
legislations in the world. This Act puts severe
restrictions on the diversion of forest land for
non-forestry purposes.
b. Non-forestlands where agro forestry, farm
woodlots, wind belts, shelterbelts, avenue
trees, urban parks, homestead forests and
sacred groves could develop.
India’s Forest Conservation Act 1980 is one of
the most progressive forest conservation
legislations in the world. This Act puts severe
restrictions on the diversion of forest land for
non-forestry purposes.
10
The National Forest Policy, 1988 lays out clear
directions and guidelines for forest conservation
and afforestation.
The Recorded Forest Area consists of Reserved
Forests (RF) and Protected Forests (PF) which
have been constituted under the Provisions of
the Indian Forest Act 1927, and also an
additional category as unclassed forests.
The 1995 assessment has shown the following
features:
The National Forest Policy, 1988 lays out clear
directions and guidelines for forest conservation
and afforestation.
The Recorded Forest Area consists of Reserved
Forests (RF) and Protected Forests (PF) which
have been constituted under the Provisions of
the Indian Forest Act 1927, and also an
additional category as unclassed forests.
The 1995 assessment has shown the following
features:
11
In, 1995, India had
a) 3.5 million ha of forests with more than 70%
of crown density,
b) with 35 million ha with 40-70% crown
density,
c) about 24-93 m ha were under 10-40% crown
cover and
d) 6.08 m ha of land was under scrub area.
The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy
density classes.
In, 1995, India had
a) 3.5 million ha of forests with more than 70%
of crown density,
b) with 35 million ha with 40-70% crown
density,
c) about 24-93 m ha were under 10-40% crown
cover and
d) 6.08 m ha of land was under scrub area.
The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy
density classes.
12
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy
density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with
Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density
between 10-40%
Scrub which is a degraded forest land with
Canopy density less than 10% is not considered
as a part of forest cover.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy
density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with
Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density
between 10-40%
Scrub which is a degraded forest land with
Canopy density less than 10% is not considered
as a part of forest cover.
13
As per the Forest Report of 2003, the
forest cover in the country was 678
thousand -333 square kilometers. It
constitutes about 20.64% of India’s
geographical area.
Of this, the very dense forest, with canopy
density more than 70%, constitutes 51,285
square kms., which is 1.56% of the total
area.
As per the Forest Report of 2003, the
forest cover in the country was 678
thousand -333 square kilometers. It
constitutes about 20.64% of India’s
geographical area.
Of this, the very dense forest, with canopy
density more than 70%, constitutes 51,285
square kms., which is 1.56% of the total
area.
14
The moderately dense forest with canopy
density between 40 and 70% constitutes
339 thousand -279 square kilometers (sq.
km) which is 10.32% of the total area and
the open forests with canopy density
between 10 and 40 % constitutes 287
thousand -769 square km., about 8.76% of
the total geographical area.
The moderately dense forest with canopy
density between 40 and 70% constitutes
339 thousand -279 square kilometers (sq.
km) which is 10.32% of the total area and
the open forests with canopy density
between 10 and 40 % constitutes 287
thousand -769 square km., about 8.76% of
the total geographical area.
15
2. FOREST AREAS CLASSIFIED
The National Forest Policy of 1952 indicated
the following functional classification:
a) Protected Forests- to be preserved (or)
created for Physical (or) climatic
consideration
b) National Forests-to be maintained and
managed to meet the needs of defense,
2. FOREST AREAS CLASSIFIED
The National Forest Policy of 1952 indicated
the following functional classification:
a) Protected Forests- to be preserved (or)
created for Physical (or) climatic
consideration
b) National Forests-to be maintained and
managed to meet the needs of defense,
16
communication, industry and other general
purposes of public importance.
c) Village Forests to be maintained to provide
fuel wood, small timber, fodder and other
local requirements.
d) Tree lands -area which are outside the
scope of forest management, are essential for
amelioration of physical, environmental and
climatic conditions.
communication, industry and other general
purposes of public importance.
c) Village Forests to be maintained to provide
fuel wood, small timber, fodder and other
local requirements.
d) Tree lands -area which are outside the
scope of forest management, are essential for
amelioration of physical, environmental and
climatic conditions.
17
The distribution is as follows.
Types of Forest Area in
Million ha
Protection Forests 10
Production Forests 15
Social Forests 25
Protected are Network
(National Parks, Sanctuaries,
etc., )
14
Total 64.0
The distribution is as follows.
Types of Forest Area in
Million ha
Protection Forests 10
Production Forests 15
Social Forests 25
Protected are Network
(National Parks, Sanctuaries,
etc., )
14
Total 64.0
18
Climatic, rainfall, soil, topography and other
ecological factors influence the vegetation types
of forests. Indian forests show a great variation
and range from tropical to coastal temperate
forest types.
The major forest types of India are
a) Tropical Evergreen Forests
b) Tropical Deciduous Forests
c) Tropical Thorny Forests
Climatic, rainfall, soil, topography and other
ecological factors influence the vegetation types
of forests. Indian forests show a great variation
and range from tropical to coastal temperate
forest types.
The major forest types of India are
a) Tropical Evergreen Forests
b) Tropical Deciduous Forests
c) Tropical Thorny Forests
19
d) Temperate Forests
e) Alpine Forests
f) Littoral and swamp forests.
The tropical Forests have the mean annual
temperature greater than 24
0
C and the mean
January winter temperature is above 8
0
C
without any frost condition.
d) Temperate Forests
e) Alpine Forests
f) Littoral and swamp forests.
The tropical Forests have the mean annual
temperature greater than 24
0
C and the mean
January winter temperature is above 8
0
C
without any frost condition.
20
The subtropical Forests have the mean annual
temperature between 17 and 24
0
C with frost
conditions in January, with 10-18
0
C mean
temperature of winter.
The Temperte forests have 7 to 17
0
C as mean
annual temperature with 1 to 10
0
C in January
containing frost and snow during winter.
The Alpine Forests have less than 7
0
C as mean
annual temperature and < 1
0
C in January with
full of winter snow.
The subtropical Forests have the mean annual
temperature between 17 and 24
0
C with frost
conditions in January, with 10-18
0
C mean
temperature of winter.
The Temperte forests have 7 to 17
0
C as mean
annual temperature with 1 to 10
0
C in January
containing frost and snow during winter.
The Alpine Forests have less than 7
0
C as mean
annual temperature and < 1
0
C in January with
full of winter snow.
21
These forests are further classified into sixteen
types.
Forest type Area in
(Million ha)
Percentage of
forest Area
1. Tropical dry deciduous forest 29.4 38.2
2. Tropical moist deciduous
forest
23.3 30.3
3. Tropical Thorn forest 5.2 6.7
4. Tropical wet evergreen forest 4.5 5.8
5. Subtropical pine forest 3.7 5.0
6. Sub alpine 3.3 4.3
7. Moist alpine scrub forest 3.3 4.3
8. Alpine forest 3.3 4.3
9. Himalayan moist temperate
forest
2.6 3.4
These forests are further classified into sixteen
types.
Forest type Area in
(Million ha)
Percentage of
forest Area
1. Tropical dry deciduous forest 29.4 38.2
2. Tropical moist deciduous
forest
23.3 30.3
3. Tropical Thorn forest 5.2 6.7
4. Tropical wet evergreen forest 4.5 5.8
5. Subtropical pine forest 3.7 5.0
6. Sub alpine 3.3 4.3
7. Moist alpine scrub forest 3.3 4.3
8. Alpine forest 3.3 4.3
9. Himalayan moist temperate
forest
2.6 3.4
22
10. Tropical Semi Evergreen
Forest
1.9. 2.5
11. Montane wet temperate forest 1.6 2.0
12. Littoral and swamp forest 0.7 0.9
13. Subtropical broad-leaved hill
forest
0.3 0.4
14. Subtropical dry evergreen
forest
0.2 0.2
15. Himalayan dry temperate
forest
0.2 0.2
16. Tropical dry evergreen forest 0.1 0.1
Total 77.0 100
10. Tropical Semi Evergreen
Forest
1.9. 2.5
11. Montane wet temperate forest 1.6 2.0
12. Littoral and swamp forest 0.7 0.9
13. Subtropical broad-leaved hill
forest
0.3 0.4
14. Subtropical dry evergreen
forest
0.2 0.2
15. Himalayan dry temperate
forest
0.2 0.2
16. Tropical dry evergreen forest 0.1 0.1
Total 77.0 100
23
As per Forest survey of India records, of these
16 forest types, tropical dry deciduous forms
the major forest type of India.
Other predominant type is the tropical moist
deciduous forest area.
As per Forest survey of India records, of these
16 forest types, tropical dry deciduous forms
the major forest type of India.
Other predominant type is the tropical moist
deciduous forest area.
24
3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREAS:
India is one of the few countries in the world
which has gone for an operational system of
wall-to wall mapping of forest cover on a
regular cycle of 2 years.
The forest survey of India is the organization
under the ministry of environment and Forests
responsible for monitoring the forests and tree
cover of India.
3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREAS:
India is one of the few countries in the world
which has gone for an operational system of
wall-to wall mapping of forest cover on a
regular cycle of 2 years.
The forest survey of India is the organization
under the ministry of environment and Forests
responsible for monitoring the forests and tree
cover of India.
25
It has been regularly assessing the forest cover
since 1987.
Periodic assessment of forest cover
provides a quantitative measure of the
extent of land area under forest cover
along with canopy density.
A comprehensive assessment of the forest
resources involves measures of numerous
parameters such as forest cover, tree
It has been regularly assessing the forest cover
since 1987.
Periodic assessment of forest cover
provides a quantitative measure of the
extent of land area under forest cover
along with canopy density.
A comprehensive assessment of the forest
resources involves measures of numerous
parameters such as forest cover, tree
26
cover, growing stock, species
composition, availability and occurrence
of non-wood forest products and so on.
Based on remote sensing, interpretation of 300
satellite images, detailed ground truth
verification, proper tree cover assessment and
systematic monitoring, the distribution of
forests in India has been snapped with greater
accuracy by the Forest Survey of India.
cover, growing stock, species
composition, availability and occurrence
of non-wood forest products and so on.
Based on remote sensing, interpretation of 300
satellite images, detailed ground truth
verification, proper tree cover assessment and
systematic monitoring, the distribution of
forests in India has been snapped with greater
accuracy by the Forest Survey of India.
27
The classification scheme of forest cover
mapping is as follows:
a) Very Dense Forest – All lands with tree
cover of canopy density of 70% and about
b) Moderately Dense Forest- All lands with
tree cover of canopy density between 40%
and 70%
c) Open Forest-All lands with tree cover
canopy density between 10% and 40%
The classification scheme of forest cover
mapping is as follows:
a) Very Dense Forest – All lands with tree
cover of canopy density of 70% and about
b) Moderately Dense Forest- All lands with
tree cover of canopy density between 40%
and 70%
c) Open Forest-All lands with tree cover
canopy density between 10% and 40%
28
d) Scrub- Degraded forest lands with canopy
density less than 10%
e) Non-forest- any area not included in the
above classes.
Considering the high ecological significance,
the Mangrove Forest cover in India has been
separately mapped in the 3 canopy density
classes.
d) Scrub- Degraded forest lands with canopy
density less than 10%
e) Non-forest- any area not included in the
above classes.
Considering the high ecological significance,
the Mangrove Forest cover in India has been
separately mapped in the 3 canopy density
classes.
29
Forest Survey of India estimates the forest
cover of the country at 63.73 million ha
constituting 19.39% of the geographic area of
the country.
Out of this area, about 37.74 million ha
(11.48%) is dense forest, 25.50 million ha
(7.76%) open forest and 0.49 million ha
(0.15%) mangroves.
Forest Survey of India estimates the forest
cover of the country at 63.73 million ha
constituting 19.39% of the geographic area of
the country.
Out of this area, about 37.74 million ha
(11.48%) is dense forest, 25.50 million ha
(7.76%) open forest and 0.49 million ha
(0.15%) mangroves.
30
Madhya Pradesh accounts for the largest forest
cover of the country i.e. 20.68% followed by
Arunachal Pradesh (10.80%), Orissa (7.38%),
Maharashtra (7.32%) and Andhra Pradesh
(6.94%).
The seven North-Eastern states put together
comprise 25.70% of the total forest area in
India.
Madhya Pradesh accounts for the largest forest
cover of the country i.e. 20.68% followed by
Arunachal Pradesh (10.80%), Orissa (7.38%),
Maharashtra (7.32%) and Andhra Pradesh
(6.94%).
The seven North-Eastern states put together
comprise 25.70% of the total forest area in
India.
31
4. STATE-WISE FOREST AREAS
The total Geographic Area of India is
3.287 million sq.km
Of which the Recorded Forest Area (RFA) is
0.774 million sq.km.
This is about 23.57 %.
The Forest Cover (FC) is 0.678 million
sq.km.
4. STATE-WISE FOREST AREAS
The total Geographic Area of India is
3.287 million sq.km
Of which the Recorded Forest Area (RFA) is
0.774 million sq.km.
This is about 23.57 %.
The Forest Cover (FC) is 0.678 million
sq.km.
32
This is about 20.64 %.
The Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) put together
is about 0.78 million sq.km. This is
almost 23.68 %.
Their distribution varies from state to
state. Let us see the distribution of
forests in different States and Union
Territories of India.
This is about 20.64 %.
The Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) put together
is about 0.78 million sq.km. This is
almost 23.68 %.
Their distribution varies from state to
state. Let us see the distribution of
forests in different States and Union
Territories of India.
33
STATE : ANDHRA PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 275,069
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
63,821 23.20
Forest Cover (FC) 44,419 16.15
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
56,539 20.55
STATE : ANDHRA PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 275,069
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
63,821 23.20
Forest Cover (FC) 44,419 16.15
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
56,539 20.55
34
STATE : ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 83,743
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
51,540 61.55
Forest Cover (FC) 68,019 81.22
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
68,382 81.66
STATE : ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 83,743
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
51,540 61.55
Forest Cover (FC) 68,019 81.22
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
68,382 81.66
35
STATE : ASSAM
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 78,438
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
27,018 34.45
Forest Cover (FC) 27,826 35.48
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
28,761 36.67
STATE : ASSAM
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 78,438
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
27,018 34.45
Forest Cover (FC) 27,826 35.48
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
28,761 36.67
36
STATE : BIHAR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 94,163
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
6,473 6.87
Forest Cover (FC) 5,558 5.90
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
7,178 7.62
STATE : BIHAR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 94,163
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
6,473 6.87
Forest Cover (FC) 5,558 5.90
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
7,178 7.62
37
STATE : CHHATTISGARH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 135,191
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
59,772 44.21
Forest Cover (FC) 55,998 41.42
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
62,721 46.39
STATE : CHHATTISGARH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 135,191
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
59,772 44.21
Forest Cover (FC) 55,998 41.42
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
62,721 46.39
38
STATE : DELHI
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 1,483
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
85 5.73
Forest Cover (FC) 170 11.46
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
268 18.08
STATE : DELHI
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 1,483
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
85 5.73
Forest Cover (FC) 170 11.46
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
268 18.08
39
STATE : GOA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 3,702
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
1,224 33.06
Forest Cover (FC) 2,156 58.24
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
2,292 61.91
STATE : GOA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 3,702
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
1,224 33.06
Forest Cover (FC) 2,156 58.24
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
2,292 61.91
40
STATE : GUJARAT
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 196,022
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
19,113 9.75
Forest Cover (FC) 14,946 7.62
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
25,532 13.03
STATE : GUJARAT
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 196,022
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
19,113 9.75
Forest Cover (FC) 14,946 7.62
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
25,532 13.03
41
STATE : HARYANA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 44,212
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
1,558 3.52
Forest Cover (FC) 1,517 3.43
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
2,932 6.63
STATE : HARYANA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 44,212
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
1,558 3.52
Forest Cover (FC) 1,517 3.43
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
2,932 6.63
42
STATE : HIMACHAL PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 55,673
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
37,033 66.52
Forest Cover (FC) 14,353 25.78
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
14,844 26.66
STATE : HIMACHAL PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 55,673
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
37,033 66.52
Forest Cover (FC) 14,353 25.78
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
14,844 26.66
43
STATE : JAMMU & KASHMIR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 222,236
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
20,230 9.10
Forest Cover (FC) 21,267 9.57
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
25,093 11.29
STATE : JAMMU & KASHMIR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 222,236
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
20,230 9.10
Forest Cover (FC) 21,267 9.57
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
25,093 11.29
44
STATE : JHARKHAND
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 79,714
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
23,605 29.61
Forest Cover (FC) 22,716 28.50
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
27,728 34.78
STATE : JHARKHAND
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 79,714
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
23,605 29.61
Forest Cover (FC) 22,716 28.50
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
27,728 34.78
45
STATE : KARNATAKA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 191,791
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
43,084 22.46
Forest Cover (FC) 36,449 19.00
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
41,820 21.80
STATE : KARNATAKA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 191,791
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
43,084 22.46
Forest Cover (FC) 36,449 19.00
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
41,820 21.80
46
STATE : KERALA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 38,863
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
11,268 28.99
Forest Cover (FC) 15,577 40.08
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
17,480 44.98
STATE : KERALA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 38,863
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
11,268 28.99
Forest Cover (FC) 15,577 40.08
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
17,480 44.98
47
STATE : MADHYA PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 308,245
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
95,221 30.89
Forest Cover (FC) 76,429 24.79
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
83,679 27.15
STATE : MADHYA PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 308,245
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
95,221 30.89
Forest Cover (FC) 76,429 24.79
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
83,679 27.15
48
STATE : MAHARASHTRA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 307,713
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
61,939 20.13
Forest Cover (FC) 46,865 15.23
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
56,185 18.26
STATE : MAHARASHTRA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 307,713
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
61,939 20.13
Forest Cover (FC) 46,865 15.23
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
56,185 18.26
49
STATE : MANIPUR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 22,327
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
17,418 78.01
Forest Cover (FC) 17,219 77.12
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
17,355 77.73
STATE : MANIPUR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 22,327
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
17,418 78.01
Forest Cover (FC) 17,219 77.12
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
17,355 77.73
50
STATE : MEGHALAYA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 22,429
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
9,496 42.34
Forest Cover (FC) 16,839 75.08
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
17,191 76.65
STATE : MEGHALAYA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 22,429
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
9,496 42.34
Forest Cover (FC) 16,839 75.08
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
17,191 76.65
51
STATE : MIZORAM
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 21,081
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
16,717 79.30
Forest Cover (FC) 18,430 87.42
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
18,560 88.04
STATE : MIZORAM
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 21,081
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
16,717 79.30
Forest Cover (FC) 18,430 87.42
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
18,560 88.04
52
STATE : NAGALAND
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 16,579
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
8,629 52.05
Forest Cover (FC) 13,609 82.09
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
13,826 83.39
STATE : NAGALAND
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 16,579
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
8,629 52.05
Forest Cover (FC) 13,609 82.09
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
13,826 83.39
53
STATE : ORISSA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 155,707
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
58,136 37.34
Forest Cover (FC) 48,366 31.06
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
54,747 35.16
STATE : ORISSA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 155,707
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
58,136 37.34
Forest Cover (FC) 48,366 31.06
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
54,747 35.16
54
STATE : RAJASTHAN
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 342,239
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
32,488 9.49
Forest Cover (FC) 15,826 4.62
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
24,464 7.15
STATE : RAJASTHAN
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 342,239
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
32,488 9.49
Forest Cover (FC) 15,826 4.62
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
24,464 7.15
55
STATE : SIKKIM
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 7,096
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
5,841 82.31
Forest Cover (FC) 3,262 45.97
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
3,284 46.28
STATE : SIKKIM
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 7,096
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
5,841 82.31
Forest Cover (FC) 3,262 45.97
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
3,284 46.28
56
STATE : TAMIL NADU
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 130,058
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
22,877 17.59
Forest Cover (FC) 22,643 17.41
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
27,634 21.25
STATE : TAMIL NADU
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 130,058
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
22,877 17.59
Forest Cover (FC) 22,643 17.41
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
27,634 21.25
57
STATE : TRIPURA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 10,486
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
6,293 60.01
Forest Cover (FC) 8,093 77.18
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
8,209 78.29
STATE : TRIPURA
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 10,486
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
6,293 60.01
Forest Cover (FC) 8,093 77.18
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
8,209 78.29
58
STATE : UTTAR PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 240,928
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
16,826 6.98
Forest Cover (FC) 14,118 5.86
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
21,833 9.06
STATE : UTTAR PRADESH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 240,928
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
16,826 6.98
Forest Cover (FC) 14,118 5.86
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
21,833 9.06
59
STATE : UTTARANCHAL
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 53,483
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
34,662 64.81
Forest Cover (FC) 24,465 45.74
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
25,036 46.81
STATE : UTTARANCHAL
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 53,483
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
34,662 64.81
Forest Cover (FC) 24,465 45.74
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
25,036 46.81
60
STATE : WEST BENGAL
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 88,752
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
11,879 13.38
Forest Cover (FC) 12,343 13.91
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
14,074 15.86
STATE : WEST BENGAL
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 88,752
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
11,879 13.38
Forest Cover (FC) 12,343 13.91
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
14,074 15.86
61
STATE : ANDAMAN & NICOBAR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 8,249
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
7,171 86.93
Forest Cover (FC) 6,964 84.42
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
6,997 84.82
STATE : ANDAMAN & NICOBAR
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 8,249
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
7,171 86.93
Forest Cover (FC) 6,964 84.42
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
6,997 84.82
62
STATE : CHANDIGARH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 114
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
34 29.82
Forest Cover (FC) 15 13.16
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 23 20.18
STATE : CHANDIGARH
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 114
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
34 29.82
Forest Cover (FC) 15 13.16
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 23 20.18
63
STATE : DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 491
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
204 41.55
Forest Cover (FC) 225 45.82
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 260 52.95
STATE : DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 491
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
204 41.55
Forest Cover (FC) 225 45.82
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 260 52.95
64
STATE : DAMAN & DIU
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 112
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
1 0.89
Forest Cover (FC) 8.34 7.45
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
14 12.80
STATE : DAMAN & DIU
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 112
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
1 0.89
Forest Cover (FC) 8.34 7.45
Forest + Tree Cover
(FTC)
14 12.80
65
STATE : LAKSHADWEEP
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 32
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
0 0.00
Forest Cover (FC) 23 71.88
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 25 76.56
STATE : LAKSHADWEEP
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 32
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
0 0.00
Forest Cover (FC) 23 71.88
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 25 76.56
66
STATE : PONDICHERRY
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 480
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
0 0.00
Forest Cover (FC) 40 8.33
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 75 15.42
STATE : PONDICHERRY
Sq. km %
Geographical Area 480
Recorded Forest Area
(RFA)
0 0.00
Forest Cover (FC) 40 8.33
Forest + Tree Cover (FTC) 75 15.42
67
5. MANGROVE AND TREE COVER
Mangroves, in India, comprise of salt tolerant
plant species. They occur along inter-tidal zones
of rivers and seas. They are extended in the
form of narrow strips or as extensive patches.
These are estuarine habitats occupying the river
deltas of tropical and sub-tropical regions.
5. MANGROVE AND TREE COVER
Mangroves, in India, comprise of salt tolerant
plant species. They occur along inter-tidal zones
of rivers and seas. They are extended in the
form of narrow strips or as extensive patches.
These are estuarine habitats occupying the river
deltas of tropical and sub-tropical regions.
68
These are fully sheltered environment. They
contain mostly brackish water influx, estuarine
and deltaic muddy soils, good rainfall (1000
mm-3000mm) and temperature between 26
0
C –
35
0
C.
These are considered as ideal habitats for
luxuriant and rich mangrove plant growth.
Mangroves are significantly different from
other vegetation as they survive in a hostile
environment.
These are fully sheltered environment. They
contain mostly brackish water influx, estuarine
and deltaic muddy soils, good rainfall (1000
mm-3000mm) and temperature between 26
0
C –
35
0
C.
These are considered as ideal habitats for
luxuriant and rich mangrove plant growth.
Mangroves are significantly different from
other vegetation as they survive in a hostile
environment.
69
They survive in an interface between land and
sea, with marked fluctuations in salinity,
storms and tidal surges.
They exhibit a variety of adaptations in terms of
morphology, anatomy, physiology, seed and
seedlings development, and succession
mechanisms.
Mangrove forests are considered the most
productive and biodiverse wetlands on earth.
They survive in an interface between land and
sea, with marked fluctuations in salinity,
storms and tidal surges.
They exhibit a variety of adaptations in terms of
morphology, anatomy, physiology, seed and
seedlings development, and succession
mechanisms.
Mangrove forests are considered the most
productive and biodiverse wetlands on earth.
70
These provide critical habitat for a diverse
marine and terrestrial flora and fauna.
Mangrove vegetation grow well in brackish
wetlands between land and the sea where other
plants can't grow.
Mangroves are woody, specialized types of
trees, growing along the tropical regions.
These trees can live on the edge, where
rainforests meet the oceans.
These provide critical habitat for a diverse
marine and terrestrial flora and fauna.
Mangrove vegetation grow well in brackish
wetlands between land and the sea where other
plants can't grow.
Mangroves are woody, specialized types of
trees, growing along the tropical regions.
These trees can live on the edge, where
rainforests meet the oceans.
71
Mangroves contain the tropical maritime tree or
shrub of the genus Rhizophora.
Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-
filtering tap roots that enable them to thrive
even in brackish water.
These brackish water are salty, but not as salty
as that of the sea water.
Mangrove vegetation are good in protecting the
coastline and help in preventing coastal erosion
by collecting all the sediments from the rivers
Mangroves contain the tropical maritime tree or
shrub of the genus Rhizophora.
Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-
filtering tap roots that enable them to thrive
even in brackish water.
These brackish water are salty, but not as salty
as that of the sea water.
Mangrove vegetation are good in protecting the
coastline and help in preventing coastal erosion
by collecting all the sediments from the rivers
72
and streams and slowing down the velocity of
flow of water.
There are about 39.3 million acres of mangrove
forests exist in the warm coastlines of tropical
oceans all over the world. More than 10.5
million acres or about 27% of mangrove forests
are found in Southeast Asia itself.
Today, the Mangrove cover in India account for
about 3% of the world’s mangrove vegetation.
and streams and slowing down the velocity of
flow of water.
There are about 39.3 million acres of mangrove
forests exist in the warm coastlines of tropical
oceans all over the world. More than 10.5
million acres or about 27% of mangrove forests
are found in Southeast Asia itself.
Today, the Mangrove cover in India account for
about 3% of the world’s mangrove vegetation.
73
It is spread over an area of 4,639 km
2
in the
coastal States/UTs of the country.
Sundarbans, in West Bengal, accounts for a
little less than half of the total area under
mangroves in India.
The Forest Survey of India is assessing the
mangroves using remote sensing technology
since 1987.
It is spread over an area of 4,639 km
2
in the
coastal States/UTs of the country.
Sundarbans, in West Bengal, accounts for a
little less than half of the total area under
mangroves in India.
The Forest Survey of India is assessing the
mangroves using remote sensing technology
since 1987.
74
Mangrove cover has been categorized into three
major categories as:
a) very dense (canopy density of more than
70%),
b) moderately dense (canopy density between
40-70%) and
c) open (canopy density between 10-40%).
Mangrove cover has been categorized into three
major categories as:
a) very dense (canopy density of more than
70%),
b) moderately dense (canopy density between
40-70%) and
c) open (canopy density between 10-40%).
75
The State of West Bengal has the maximum
mangrove cover in the country amounting to
2136 sq.km which is 46.39% of mangrove
cover in India.
It is followed by Gujarat, as 991sq.km which is
about 22.55% and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, is 635 sq.km which is 13.26% of the
country’s total mangrove cover.
The State of West Bengal has the maximum
mangrove cover in the country amounting to
2136 sq.km which is 46.39% of mangrove
cover in India.
It is followed by Gujarat, as 991sq.km which is
about 22.55% and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, is 635 sq.km which is 13.26% of the
country’s total mangrove cover.
76
Sl.
No.
State/UT Mangrove Cover in sq.km
1. West Bengal 2,136
2. Gujarat 991
3. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 635
4. Andhra Pradesh 354
5. Orissa 217
6. Maharashtra 186
7. Tamil Nadu 36
8. Goa 16
9. Kerala 5
10. Karnataka 3
11. Puducherry 1
12. Daman and Diu 1
Total 4,581
Sl.
No.
State/UT Mangrove Cover in sq.km
1. West Bengal 2,136
2. Gujarat 991
3. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 635
4. Andhra Pradesh 354
5. Orissa 217
6. Maharashtra 186
7. Tamil Nadu 36
8. Goa 16
9. Kerala 5
10. Karnataka 3
11. Puducherry 1
12. Daman and Diu 1
Total 4,581
77
Forests have always been of great importance to
human beings.
Today, people depend on forests especially for
their economic value, their environmental
value, and their value for culture and
recreation. The science of forestry is concerned
with increasing and preserving these values by
careful management of available forestland in
any country.
Let us protect the forest areas of India.
Forests have always been of great importance to
human beings.
Today, people depend on forests especially for
their economic value, their environmental
value, and their value for culture and
recreation. The science of forestry is concerned
with increasing and preserving these values by
careful management of available forestland in
any country.
Let us protect the forest areas of India.
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