Indian Blackberry cultivation

Cultivation of jamun prepared by Abhishek Malekar, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University

1. JAMUN CULTIVATION Presented To :- Dr. Ranjeet Pal Sir Presented By :- Abhishek Malekar Raman Meena . .

2. Jamun Cultivation Jamun, also known as Indian blackberry, is a fruit-bearing tree native to India. It is a popular fruit in many parts of Asia and is known for its sweet and slightly tart flavor. Jamun is rich in nutrients and has numerous health benefits SCIENTIFIC NAME - Syzygium cumunni . L FAMILY – Myrtaceae ORIGIN – India CN – 2n = 40 COMMON NAME – JAVA PLAUM , JAMBUL, JAMUN, JAMAN, BLACK PLUM, INDIAN BLACKBERRY, JAMBOL, DOOWET , JAMBOLAN AM

3. INTRODUCTION SUCH UNDERUTIILIZED FRUITS HAVE BEEN LONG SUSTAINED DUE TO THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR THEIR NUTRITINAL VALUE AND AS A SOURCE OF RURAL AND TRIBAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME . JAMUN IS ONE OF SUCH UNDERUTILIZED FRUIT SPECIES OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN INDIA . BECAUSE OF ITS HARDY NATURE AND MULTIFARIOUS USES , IT HAS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR COMMERICIAL EXPLOITATION IN WASTELAND AND DRY LAND HORTRICULTURE IN INDIA MANY TROPICAL FRUIT TREE SPECIES , MOST OF WHICH ARE NOT COMMERECIALLY CULTIVATED , ARE HIGHLY POPULAR AS THEY NOT ONLY PROVIDE A SIGNIFICANT SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT TO THE RURAL PEOPLE BUT ALSO HAS A CULTURAL AND SOCIAL VALUE. JAMUN POSSESSES COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE AS A MINOR FRUITS IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL COUNTRIES . IT IS A VERSATILE FRUITS TREE OF BOTH FOOD AND MEDICINAL VALUE . JAMUN IS A NATIVE OF INDIA ( SINGH, 1969 ) AND THE TREES ARE SEEN ALMOST THROUGHTOUT THE COUNTRY. APART FROM INDIA, THIS FRUITS CROP IS GROWN IN THAILAND , PHILIPPINES, MADAGASCAR, WEST INDIES , EAST AND WEST AFRICA AND ISRAEL . THERE IS NO ORGANIZED ORCHARDING OF JAMUN IN INDIA . IT IS GROWN IN PARK , ON ROADSIDES AS AVENUE TREE AND AS A WINDBREAK . s

4. BOTANY Jamun is botanically Syzygium cuminii (L), a member of family Myrtaceae . Tree grows tall (50 to 100 ft) and is evergreen and has ornamental value . Inflorescences are borne in leaf axils of branchlets. Flower and fruit drop are serious problems in this crop About 52% of flowers drop off after four weeks from flowering itself and only 12-15% reach maturity. Development of fruits takes place in three Distinct phases First phase extending from 15-52 days after set indicates slow growth, second phase from 52-58 days is period of rapid growth followed by last phase from 58-60 days again marked by slow growth with a little increase in fruit weight Fruit is oblong or round in shape, deep purple or bluish coloured with juicy sweet pulp having a single seed

5. CLIMATE & SOIL Since jamun is a hardy fruit, it can be grown under adverse soil and climate conditions It thrives well under both tropical and subtropical climate. It requires dry weather at the time of flowering and fruit setting. Early rains are beneficial for better growth, development and ripening of fruit. Young plants are susceptible to frost The jamun trees can be grown on a wide range of soils-calcareous, saline sodic soils and marshy areas Deep loam and well-drained soils are, however, the most ideal. It does not like very heavy and light sandy soils . Ideal temperature ranges from 20-35 c is best

6. VARIETIES This native fruit has not been given the due attention since the time immemorial to be grown as commercial crop in organised way in orchard. Therefore, well established varieties are not available . The common variety grown under North Indian conditions is "Ra Jamun” It produces big sized, oblong fruits, deep purple or bluish-black in colour at full ripe stage. The pulp of the ripe fruit is purple pink and the fruit is juicy and sweet. The stone is small in size. The variety ripens in the month of June- July and it is very common both in rural as well as in urban markets. A type having large-sized fruits is known as Paras in Gujarat Common type – Ram jamun , Paras , Narendra Jamun- 6

7. IRRIGATION Jamun trees need regular watering, especially during the dry season. Young plant requires 6-8 irrigation. Bearing trees : Sep – oct for better fruit bud formation : may –June for better development of fruits 5-6 irrigation are required for bearing trees However, commercial jamun orchardist is advised to give 8-10 irrigation per year during pre-bearing stage of plant for better plant establishment and growth, and 4-5 irrigation per year to bearing tree during fruit development to get more yield . .

8. FERTILIZERS & MANURES Pre bearing period – 20-25 kg FYM / PLANT / YEAR Bearing trees – 50-60 kg FYM / PLANT / YEAR NPK 500 : 600 : 300 kg / plant / year They should be sprayed near canopy of plant and mix with soil by hoeing

9. PLANTING Jamun is an evergreen tree and can be planted both in spring i.e. February - March and the monsoon season i.e. July-August. The latter season is considered better as the trees planted in February- March have to pass through a very hot and dry period in May and June soon after planting and generally suffer from mortalities from the unfavourable weather conditions. Prior to planting, the field is properly cleared and plouged Pits of 1 x 1 x 1 m size are dug at the distance of 10 m both ways Usually, work of digging of pits is completed before the onset of monsoon. The pits are filled with mixture of 75% top soil and 25% well rotten FYM or compost. Another common way of growing jamun trees is to plant them as shade trees near the farm dwellings and wells. Here they provide a welcome shadow

10. PROPAGATION The jamun is propagated both by seed and vegetative methods. Due to existence of polyembryony, it comes true to parent through seed. Though vegetative methods followed in most cases have attained some success, seed propagation is still preferred. However seed propagation is not advisable as it results in late bearing . The seeds have no dormancy. Fresh seeds can be sown. Germination takes place in about 10 to 15 days. Seedlings are ready for transplanting for the use as rootstock in the following spring (February to March) or monsoon i.e. August to September. Propagation of jamun is economical and convenient. Budding is practiced on one year old seedling stocks, having 10 to 14 mm thickness. The best time for budding is July to August in low rainfall areas. In the areas where rains start easily and are heavy, budding operations are attempted early in May-June. Shield, patch and forkert methods of budding have proved very successful. The possibility of better success has been reported in forkert method compared to shield or 'T' budding

11. TRANING & PRUNING Training of young plants is essential to provide better frame work. Keep the main stem or trunk clean up to a height of 60-90cm from the ground level by removing the basal branches and sprouts. Sprouts emerging from the rootstock portion should be periodically removed. Jamun branches are brittle therefore it is required to develop wider crotch angles in scaffold branches to provide better frame work to the plant. During later part of plant growth jamun plants do not require any pruning except removing diseased, weak, dry and crisscross branches/ twigs This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

12. INSECT & PEST . .

13. DISEASES & PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER . .

14. HARVEST The seedling jamun plants start bearing after 8 to 10 years of planting, while grafted ones bear after 6 to 7 years. However, commercial bearing starts after 8 to 10 years of planting and continues till the tree becomes 50 to 60 years old. The fruit ripens in the month of June -July . The main characteristic of ripe fruit at full size is deep purple or black colour . The fruit should be picked immediately when it is ripe, because it can not be retained on the tree in ripe stage. The ripe fruits are hand picked singly by climbing the tree with bags slung on the shoulder. Care should be taken to avoid all possible damage to fruits . YIELD • The average yield of fruits from a full grown seedling tree is about 80 to 100 kg and from a grafted one 60 to 70 kg per year

15. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY • Storage, Grading and Pakcaging Jamun fruits are highly perishable and cannot be stored for more than one or two days under ambient conditions. Storage life of fruits can be extended up to three weeks by storing pre-cooled fruits in perforated polythene bags at 8-10°C temperature and 85-90% relative humidity. After harvest fruits are usually packed in bamboo baskets for transportation to local markets. Grading is confined to removal of bruised and damaged fruits before sending to markets. Practice of prepacking fruits in leaf-cups covered with perforated polythene bags reduces damage in transit and during handling in marketing

16. REFERENSES Handbook of horticulture by K. L. Chadha . Fruit crops by T.Radha and L.Methew . TNAU Agritech Portal Horticulture ( http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_fruits_jamun.html ) . ( http://www.krishisewa.com/articles/production-technology/353- jamun.html )

17. THANKS . .