Indian economy chapter of economics for ugc net

Description of indian economy

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2. AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN
INDIA

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14. •TheGreen Revolutionwas a period that began in the 1960s during
whichagriculture in Indiawas converted into a modern industrial
system by the adoption of technology, such as the use ofhigh yielding
variety (HYV) seeds, mechanisedfarm tools, irrigation facilities,
pesticides, and fertilizers. Mainly led by agricultural scientistM. S.
Swaminathanin India, this period was part of the largerGreen
Revolutionendeavor.

21. Land Reforms
•Under theBritish Raj, the farmers did not have the ownership of the lands they
cultivated, the landlordshipof the land lied with the Zamindars, Jagirdarsetc.
•A committee, under the Chairmanship of J. C. Kumarappanwas appointed to look into
the problem of land. The KumarappaCommittee's report recommended comprehensive
agrarian reform measures.
•The Land Reforms of the independent India had four components:
•The Abolition of the Intermediaries
•Tenancy Reforms
•Fixing Ceilings on Landholdings
•Consolidation of Landholdings.

22. Abolition of the Intermediaries
•Abolitionofthezamindarisystem:Thefirstimportantlegislation
wastheabolitionofthezamindarisystem,whichremovedthe
layerofintermediarieswhostoodbetweenthecultivatorsandthe
state.Thereformwasrelativelythemosteffectivethantheother
reforms,forinmostareasitsucceededintakingawaythesuperior
rightsofthezamindarsoverthelandandweakeningtheir
economicandpoliticalpower.Thereformwasmadetostrengthen
theactuallandholders,thecultivators.
•Advantages:Theabolitionofintermediariesmadealmost2crore
tenantstheownersofthelandtheycultivated.

23. Tenancy Reforms
•AfterpassingtheZamindariAbolitionActs,thenextmajor
problemwasoftenancyregulation.Therentpaidbythetenants
duringthepre-independenceperiodwasexorbitant;between
35%and75%ofgrossproducethroughoutIndia.Tenancy
reformsintroducedtoregulaterent,providesecurityof
tenure and confer ownership to tenants.
Withtheenactmentoflegislation(early1950s)forregulatingthe
rentpayablebythecultivators,fairrentwasfixedat20%to
25%ofthegrossproducelevelinallthestatesexceptPunjab,
Haryana,JammuandKashmir,TamilNadu,andsomepartsof
AndhraPradesh.

24. Ceilings on Landholdings
•ThethirdmajorcategoryoflandreformlawsweretheLand
CeilingActs.Insimplerterms,theceilingsonlandholdings
referredtolegallystipulatingthemaximumsizebeyond
whichnoindividualfarmerorfarmhouseholdcouldhold
anyland.Theimpositionofsuchaceilingwastodeterthe
concentrationoflandinthehandsofafew.
•In1942theKumarappanCommitteerecommendedthe
maximumsizeoflandsalandlordcanretain.Itwasthreetimes
theeconomicholdingi.e.sufficientlivelihoodforafamily.

25. Consolidation of Landholdings
•Consolidationreferredtoreorganization/redistributionoffragmented
landsintooneplot.Thegrowingpopulationandlesswork
opportunitiesinnon-agriculturalsectors,increasedpressureonthe
land,leadingtoanincreasingtrendoffragmentationofthe
landholdings.Thisfragmentationoflandmadetheirrigation
managementtasksandpersonalsupervisionofthelandplotsvery
difficult.Thisledtotheintroductionoflandholdingsconsolidation.
Underthisact,Ifafarmerhadafewplotsoflandinthevillage,those
landswereconsolidatedintoonebiggerpieceoflandwhichwasdone
byeitherpurchasingorexchangingtheland.