Indian ocean tsunami ,2004

Tsunami ,its measurement and method of prediction .physical and human impact ,emergency responses

1. 1 Indian Ocean Tsunam i,2004 Presented By : - CHANDRA VANSHI THAKUR (17WM60R07) SHYAM MOHAN CHAUDHARY (17AG62R13)

2. INTRODUCTION Derived from Japanese word which means “ Harbor Waves” Deformation occurs under the sea floor leads to vertical disp. Of water Generated by an undersea geologic event, such as a great earthquake, volcanic explosion, or underwater landslide Tsunami is not caused due to tide Damage is more predominant towards coast In the deep ocean K.E is high and wavelength is huge Closer to costal side wavelength decreases and height increases 2

3. Tsunami intensity can be calculated using Soloviev - Imamura tsunami intensity scale which states a formula that Where I is the Tsunami intensity H av is the average wave height along the nearest coast 3

4. Terms related to Tsunami Crest :-The crest of a wave is its highest point . Tsunami waves have been recorded at over 60 meters, but even waves of a meter can cause damage. Ring of Fire :- It is an area that surrounds the Pacific Ocean and is high in seismic and volcanic activity, both of which can cause tsunamis Runup :-It is the 1 st reaching of crest towards the coastal side that causes destruction Subduction zone :- It is an area where one plate is being pushed beneath another plate . When these zones are located in or near the ocean, the tsunami hazard will be higher. The Pacific Northwest and Alaska are located along subduction zones. 4

5. Propagation of Tsunami 5

6. The Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004 On December 26, 2004 at 07:58:53 local time (00:58:53 GMT), a fault rupture was initiated off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia , triggering a devastating Tsunami around much of the Indian Ocean . The epicenter was located at 3.31°N and 95.95°E, approximately 250 km south-southeast of Banda Aceh , the capital city of the Aceh Province in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. 6

7. Map showing the earthquake epicenter, aftershocks for the M9.3 December 26, 2004 earthquake; the M8.7 March 28, 2005 earthquake 7

8. c ontinued … From this point, the rupture continued to expand northward for more than 1,200 km (745 mi), generating a massive M9.3 earthquake for about 8-10 minutes. The earthquake rupture was located at a relatively shallow focal depth ranging from 10 to 30 km . According to the USGS, the intensity in Banda Aceh, Sumatra reached IX : the violent shaking caused the collapse of some mid-rise reinforced concrete structures 8

9. Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) map of the 2004 earthquake, showing violent shaking and heavy damage (MMI level IX) on the western coast of the Aceh Province of Indonesia 9

10. Tsunami run-up The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, involving an estimated 30 km 3 of sea floor deformation , was one of these ‘ basin-wide’ mega-Tsunamis. To the north and south along the fault, the waves were subject to interference and reduced in size rapidly . To the east and west , the waves only gradually reduced in height as they moved beyond the Indian Ocean to the coast of East Africa. 10

11. Tsunami run-up The greatest run-up heights were observed on the western side of Banda Aceh as well as in other towns and cities along the west coast of Aceh Province. Locally , Tsunami run-up heights reached 30 m in this region, although more generally heights were around 10 m. 11

12. Satellite images show the devastating effects to the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka (top) and to the Banda Aceh coastline (bottom ) 12

13. PHYSICAL AND HUMAN IMPACTS 13

14. Loss of life / Mortality With 174,500 casualties, 51,500 missing, and roughly 1.5 million people displaced, the toll of human casualties from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami has no modern historical equal. Most of the loss of life occurred in the, Indonesia . The Tsunami destroyed almost every village, town, road, and bridge built at below 10 m (33 ft) elevation along a 170-km stretch of the western coast of Aceh Province. In India, 75 % of the 10,700 fatalities were in the southeastern state of Tamil Nadu. 14

15. Economic losses Overall economic losses from the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami disaster are estimated at $10 billion, with 75% of the loss attributed to the damage in the Indonesia , Thailand , Sri Lanka, and India . These losses include damage to residential and commercial buildings and infrastructure, including roads, water supply systems, electric power systems, schools, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. In the worst affected countries of Indonesia, India, and Sri Lanka, the insurance penetration to cover flood or earthquake related perils was extremely low. 15

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17. Property damages 17

18. EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND MITIGATION 18

19. Efforts by Government of India In the Indian government, natural disasters are handled by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs . The Indian Tri-Services (Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy) were pressed into service to provide emergency support. The immediate relief was facilitated by the Government of India through the release of grants from the National Calamity Contingency Fund , which contributed Rs. 700 crores to the affected states and UTs. The state grants consisted of Rs. 250 crores to Tamil Nadu and Rs. 100 crores each to Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The UT grants consisted of Rs. 200 crores to the A&N islands and Rs. 35 crores to Pondicherry . 19

20. Immediate Relief In all , 881 relief camps were opened, and about 604,335 people were housed in them. There were : 231 relief camps in Kerala , housing 171,491 people. 65 camps in Andhra Pradesh, housing 34,264 people. 48 camps in Pondicherry , housing 45,000 people. 412 camps in Tamil Nadu , housing 309,379 people. 125 camps in the A&N islands , housing 44,201 people. 20

21. Medical Relief Immediately after the event, medical teams were sent to the states: 158 to Andhra Pradesh, 581 to Tamil Nadu, 233 to Kerala, 87 to Pondicherry. The armed forces established 18 medical camps with more than 20 medical teams in the areas affected by the tsunamis. A 120-bed hospital was established onboard the INS MAGAR. All ships of the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard deployed for search and rescue were provided with medical facilities. 21

22. Rehabilitation funds 22

23. Government relief camp housed in the local school in Port Blair An AN32 Indian Air Force transport aircraft, which carried relief material to Great Nicobar Island Temporary medical center in Kadamtala in Middle Andaman Government-built temporary shelters 23

24. Assessing Global Tsunami Hazard 24

25. Education and warnings Education needs to include knowledge of the cause of a tsunami and its association with the largest earthquakes to help individuals understand how their own observations can help them take appropriate action. Any occasion when the sea level recedes rapidly and inexplicably should be taken as a signal for immediate flight to higher ground. As warning systems that track the passage of the tsunami in the open ocean are being developed , self-help solutions can be supplemented with information on how to respond to official warnings, such as those delivered through radio, cellphone messages, or sirens . 25

26. Tsunami warning system 26

27. Tsunami warning system 27

28. Tsunami warning system In addition, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center run by National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been issuing tsunami warnings since 1948. After the 1960 Chile Earthquake, it issued a warning for Hawaii that saved many lives in Hilo as people evacuated to higher ground. Map of the Pacific Ocean Tsunami Warning System displaying reporting stations and tsunami travel times to Honolulu 28

29. TEWS-INCOIS On October 15, 2007, a centre housing the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) was established in INCOIS by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, DST, DOS and CSIR. At present, the tsunami warning centre receives data from 17 seismic stations of the IMD, 10 stations of the WIHG and more than 300 international stations . In addition, it receives data from 17 sea-level tide gauges at intervals of five minutes.  Using the data obtained from a network of equipments, models have been run to provide maps depicting inundation scenarios for the entire coastal belt. Based on these scenarios, the potential risk zones are identified to generate advisories for various stakeholders in the region. 29

30. Tsunami - A Terror The year 2004 has come to an end. A memorable year it has been. Ups and downs and highs and lows in the past year we have seen. The year went by smoothly but came to a crashing end. Nature's fury shattered the life of so many Broken pieces we are still to mend. Tsunami - a huge tidal wave swept over the life of all. Nature's wrath spared none Mankind suffered a great fall . Thousands of homes were destroyed Thousands of lives were taken. We have taken nature for granted and a heavy price we have forsaken. The aftershocks of the disaster We are still enduring. The ones alive are being given help Their pains we are curing. In the history of mankind This blemish will remain forever. When reminded of this grave calamity The world will always shiver. The wounds will take time to heal This disaster will always remain in our mind. But we will stand up with a smile And walk ahead leaving this terror behind. Ashwathi Thampi J.K. Singhania School (Standard VIII), Thane 30

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32. 32 THANK YOU…