Indina contitution ppt for article 370.pptx

Article 370 , which nice research with changes made after 370, how it got really important

1. Introduction The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950, a date now celebrated annually as Republic Day. Supreme Law : Framework for political principles, government structure, and citizens' rights. Length : Longest written constitution; 470 Articles, 25 Parts, 12 Schedules. Preamble : Declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic. Federal System : Division of powers between the Center and States; Unitary bias during emergencies. Separation of Powers : Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary with distinct roles. Fundamental Rights : Right to Equality, Freedom, Religion, and more. Directive Principles : Guidelines for states to promote welfare (e.g., living wages, public health). Amendability : Adaptable through amendments; requires various majorities. Judicial Review : Courts ensure laws/actions comply with the Constitution.

2. What is Article 370? Article 370 granted special autonomous status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir within India, allowing it to have its own Constitution and significant autonomy over internal matters. It was effectively abrogated on August 5, 2019. KEY POINTS Special Status : Provided Jammu and Kashmir its own Constitution and autonomy over internal matters. Autonomy : Limited Parliament's power to legislate on certain state matters. Temporary Provision : Classified as a "temporary" provision under Part XXI of the Indian Constitution. Revocation : Abrogated on August 5, 2019, removing Jammu and Kashmir's special status. Aftermath : Reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories—Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh .

3. Historical Background of Jammu and Kashmir 1. 1947: J&K was a princely state, chose to join India via the Instrument of Accession after an invasion.

2. Indo-Pak War: Led to the division of J&K between India and Pakistan.

3. UN Involvement: Ceasefire was called, but the suggested plebiscite never occurred.

4. Article 370: Granted J&K special status in 1949, with autonomy in most matters except defense, foreign affairs, and communications.

4. Special Provisions Under Article 370 Historical Context : Article 370 was introduced in 1949, granting special autonomous status to Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) after its accession to India post-independence. Autonomy : J&K had its own Constitution and the Indian Parliament could legislate for it only on matters of defense, foreign affairs, finance, and communications. Presidential Orders : Laws passed by the Indian Parliament for the rest of the country did not automatically apply to J&K unless approved by the state's government. Abrogation in 2019 : On August 5, 2019, the Government of India abrogated Article 370, revoking J&K's special status and reorganizing the state into two Union Territories: Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh . Impact : The abrogation allowed Indian laws and provisions, including fundamental rights , to be fully applicable in J&K, integrating it with the rest of the country.

5. Changes to Article 370 Presidential Order 2019 : On August 5, 2019, the President of India issued an order revoking the special status of Jammu & Kashmir by modifying Article 370. End of Autonomy : The revocation ended Jammu & Kashmir's separate Constitution and flag, bringing the region fully under the Indian Constitution and laws. Reorganization : Jammu & Kashmir was bifurcated into two Union Territories – Jammu & Kashmir with a legislative assembly, and Ladakh without one. Abolition of Article 35A : Along with Article 370, Article 35A, which restricted property ownership and residency rights in J&K, was nullified. Integration : All Indian laws, including fundamental rights and reservations, now apply uniformly across Jammu & Kashmir, ensuring greater integration with the rest of India.

6. Why Was Article 370 Controversial? Special Status: Gave J&K autonomy with its own constitution and laws Limited Parliamentary Power: Indian laws only applied to defense, foreign affairs, finance, and communications. Dual Citizenship: J&K residents had dual citizenship, unlike other Indian states. Property Restrictions: Non-residents couldn’t buy property in J&K. Hindered Integration: Critics felt it prevented full integration with India and fueled separatism. Revocation in 2019: Its removal sparked legal and political debates over autonomy and security.

7. Impact of Removing Article 370 Political Changes : 1. Reorganization : Jammu and Kashmir were reorganized into two Union Territories: Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. This change aimed to enhance administrative efficiency. 2. Central Control : The Central Government now directly administers these regions, impacting local governance and decision-making. Legal Changes : 1. End of Special Status : Article 370’s abrogation removed Jammu and Kashmir’s special autonomous status, making it subject to the same laws as other Indian states. Social and Economic Impact : 1. Infrastructure Development : Initiatives to improve roads, healthcare, and education are underway. 2. Security Concerns : Increased security measures were implemented, leading to both improvements in safety and ongoing tensions.

8. Current Status of Jammu and Kashmir Political Landscape : 1. Governance Structure : Jammu and Kashmir is now governed by a Lt. Governor and has a Legislative Assembly; Ladakh is administered directly by a Lt. Governor without a Legislative Assembly. 2. Political Debate : Political parties and leaders continue to navigate the new administrative setup, discussing future political status and autonomy. Economic Development : 1. Development Projects : Focus on enhancing tourism, industrial growth, and infrastructure projects. 2. Economic Challenges : Issues like high unemployment and development disparities persist, impacting local livelihoods. S ecurity : 1. Current Situation : The security situation is tense with ongoing unrest and a significant presence of security forces. 2. Peace Efforts : Continued efforts are being made to address security issues and promote stability.

9. Conclusion India’s constitutional challenges, including the revocation of Article 370 concerning Jammu and Kashmir, underscore the ongoing tensions between regional autonomy and national unity. For college discussions, this issue raises critical questions about federalism, state rights, and national security. Addressing these requires a careful balance to ensure both political stability and inclusive governance within India’s democratic framework.

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