Individual and society

1. Individual and SocietyIndividual and Society
Unit II Unit II
Sociology of NursingSociology of Nursing

2. Individual & SocietyIndividual & Society
Society and CommunitySociety and Community
Nature of SocietyNature of Society
Difference between society and CommunityDifference between society and Community
Process of Socialization and IndividualizationProcess of Socialization and Individualization
Personal disorganization Personal disorganization

3. Individual and SocietyIndividual and Society
Man is a social animal.Man is a social animal.
He lives in group, in community, in society etc.,He lives in group, in community, in society etc.,
Man cannot live as a man with out society.Man cannot live as a man with out society.
Without society man’s emotional, intellectual, maturity, Without society man’s emotional, intellectual, maturity,
material goods and his liberty not develop and these are material goods and his liberty not develop and these are
unthinkable. unthinkable.
The relations between individual and society is not The relations between individual and society is not
merely a physical, or a functional unity, or organic unity, merely a physical, or a functional unity, or organic unity,
or systematic unity but its something more.or systematic unity but its something more.
Society not only control our movements but also shape Society not only control our movements but also shape
our identity, our thought and our emotions.our identity, our thought and our emotions.

4. Society Society
Society derived by Latin word “Socious” it Society derived by Latin word “Socious” it
means companionship or friendship.means companionship or friendship.
In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers not not
a group of people a group of people but to the complex but to the complex
pattern of the pattern of the norms of interaction that norms of interaction that
arisearise among them. among them.
MacIverMacIver has said that society is a web of has said that society is a web of
social relationship.social relationship.

5. Definition of SocietyDefinition of Society
WrightWright – Society is not a group of people, it is – Society is not a group of people, it is
the system of relationship that exists between the system of relationship that exists between
the individual of the group.the individual of the group.
G.D.M. Cole G.D.M. Cole – Society is a complex of organized – Society is a complex of organized
association and communication with a association and communication with a
community.community.
GiddingsGiddings – Society is a union itself the – Society is a union itself the
organization the sum of formal relations in which organization the sum of formal relations in which
associating individuals are bound together. associating individuals are bound together.

6. Nature of SocietyNature of Society
Society means likeness.Society means likeness.
Society also implies difference.Society also implies difference.
Inter-dependence.Inter-dependence.
Co-operation. Co-operation.

7. Nature of SocietyNature of Society
Society means likeness:Society means likeness:
Is an essential pre-requisite of society.Is an essential pre-requisite of society.
The sense of likeness was focused in early The sense of likeness was focused in early
society on kinships that is real or supposed society on kinships that is real or supposed
blood relationships. blood relationships.
In modern societies the conditions of social In modern societies the conditions of social
likeness have broadened out in the principle likeness have broadened out in the principle
of nationality or one world. of nationality or one world.

8. Nature of SocietyNature of Society
Society also implies difference: Society also implies difference:
But the sense of likeness does not eliminate But the sense of likeness does not eliminate
diversity or variation.diversity or variation.
Society also implies difference and it depends Society also implies difference and it depends
on the latter as much as on likeness of all on the latter as much as on likeness of all
people were exactly alike, their social people were exactly alike, their social
relationships would become very much relationships would become very much
limited.limited.
They would contribute very little to one They would contribute very little to one
another. another.

9. Nature of SocietyNature of Society
Inter-dependence:Inter-dependence:
Family, the first society with which we all are Family, the first society with which we all are
closely associated, is based on the biological closely associated, is based on the biological
inter-dependence of the sexes.inter-dependence of the sexes.
None of the two sexes is complete by itself None of the two sexes is complete by itself
and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the
aid of the other. aid of the other.
This fact of inter-dependence is very much This fact of inter-dependence is very much
visible in the present world. visible in the present world.

10. Nature of SocietyNature of Society
Co-operation:Co-operation:
Without co-operation no society can exist.Without co-operation no society can exist.
Unless people cooperate with each other, Unless people cooperate with each other,
they cannot live a happy life.they cannot live a happy life.
Family rests on co-operation.Family rests on co-operation.
The members of the family cooperate with The members of the family cooperate with
one another to live happy and joyfully.one another to live happy and joyfully.

11. CommunityCommunity
An area of social living.An area of social living.
Whenever the members of any group, Whenever the members of any group,
small or large, live together in such a way small or large, live together in such a way
that they share, not this or that particular that they share, not this or that particular
interest, but the basic conditions of a interest, but the basic conditions of a
common life, we call that group a common life, we call that group a
community. community.

12. Definition of CommunityDefinition of Community
BogardusBogardus – Community is a social group with – Community is a social group with
some degree of “we-feeling” and living in some degree of “we-feeling” and living in
given area.given area.
Ogburn and Nimkoff Ogburn and Nimkoff – Community is the total – Community is the total
organization of social life with an limited area.organization of social life with an limited area.
LundbergLundberg – Community is a human population – Community is a human population
living within a limited geographic area and living within a limited geographic area and
carrying on a common inter-dependence life. carrying on a common inter-dependence life.

13. Element of CommunityElement of Community
Group of peopleGroup of people
Locality Locality
Community SentimentCommunity Sentiment
Permanency Permanency
Naturality Naturality
LikenessLikeness
Wider ends Wider ends
Particular name Particular name

14. Elements of CommunityElements of Community
Group of people:Group of people:
Whenever the individuals live together in such Whenever the individuals live together in such
a way that they share the basic conditions of a way that they share the basic conditions of
a common lifea common life, we call them forming a , we call them forming a
community.community.
Locality: Locality:
The group of people forms a community when The group of people forms a community when
it begins to reside in it begins to reside in a definite localitya definite locality. .
Community always occupies a territorial area.Community always occupies a territorial area.

15. Elements of CommunityElements of Community
Community sentiment:Community sentiment:
Means a feeling of belonging together.Means a feeling of belonging together.
It is “we-feeling” among the members.It is “we-feeling” among the members.
Permanency:Permanency:
Its not transitory like a crowd.Its not transitory like a crowd.
It essentially includes a permanent life in a It essentially includes a permanent life in a
definite place.definite place.
Naturality:Naturality:
Its not made or created by an act of will but are Its not made or created by an act of will but are
natural. natural.

16. Elements of CommunityElements of Community
Likeness:Likeness:
There is a likeness in language, customs, There is a likeness in language, customs,
mores etc.mores etc.
Wider ends:Wider ends:
The ends of community are wider.The ends of community are wider.
A particular name:A particular name:
Every community has some particular name.Every community has some particular name.
Ex; Panjab are called Panjabis Ex; Panjab are called Panjabis

17. Difference between Society Difference between Society
and Communityand Community
SocietySociety
Society is a Society is a web of social web of social
relationship.relationship.
A definite A definite geographic geographic
area is not an essential area is not an essential
aspects of society.aspects of society.
Society is a Society is a abstract.abstract.
communitycommunity
Community consisting of Community consisting of
a group of a individual a group of a individual
living in a living in a particular area particular area
with some degree of we with some degree of we
feeling.feeling.
Community always Community always
denotes a definite locality denotes a definite locality
or geographic area.or geographic area.
Community is a Community is a concrete.concrete.

18. SocietySociety
Community sentiments or Community sentiments or
a sense of a sense of we-feeling we-feeling
may be present or may may be present or may
not be presentnot be present in society. in society.
Society is a widerSociety is a wider. There . There
can be more than one can be more than one
community in a society.community in a society.
The objectives and The objectives and
interest interest of society are of society are
more extensive and more extensive and
varied.varied.
Society involved Society involved both both
likeness and differencelikeness and difference..
communitycommunity
Community Community sentiment is sentiment is
an essential element an essential element of of
community.community.
Community is smaller Community is smaller
than society.than society.
The objectives and The objectives and
interest of a community interest of a community
are comparatively are comparatively less less
extensive and varied.extensive and varied.
Likeness is more Likeness is more
important important than difference than difference
in community. in community.

19. Process of Socialization and Process of Socialization and
IndividualizationIndividualization

20. SocializationSocialization
Man is not only social but also cultural being.Man is not only social but also cultural being.
The culture provides opportunities for man to develop his The culture provides opportunities for man to develop his
personality.personality.
The development process is not an automatic process.The development process is not an automatic process.
It is It is social training social training to the individual that kind of training is to the individual that kind of training is
called Socialization. called Socialization.
Socialization is a process of Socialization is a process of moulding a human infant to a moulding a human infant to a
member of societymember of society to which he belongs. to which he belongs.
This Socialization is differ from society to society. Because This Socialization is differ from society to society. Because
of this process involves by culture. of this process involves by culture.

21. SocializationSocialization
The human infant comes into the world as The human infant comes into the world as
biological organism with animal needs.biological organism with animal needs.
He is gradually moulded into a social being and He is gradually moulded into a social being and
he learns social ways of acting and feelinghe learns social ways of acting and feeling..
The process of The process of moulding and shaping the moulding and shaping the
personality personality of the human infant is called of the human infant is called
Socialization. Socialization.

22. Definition of SocializationDefinition of Socialization
W.H. Ogburn W.H. Ogburn says “Socialization is a process by says “Socialization is a process by
which the individual learns to conform to the which the individual learns to conform to the
norms of the group”.norms of the group”.
BogardusBogardus define “Socialization as the process of define “Socialization as the process of
working together, of developing group working together, of developing group
responsibility, of being guided by welfare needs responsibility, of being guided by welfare needs
of others”.of others”.
GreenGreen says “Socialization is the process which says “Socialization is the process which
the child acquires a cultural content, along with the child acquires a cultural content, along with
selfhood and personality”. selfhood and personality”.

23. Process of SocializationProcess of Socialization
Socialization is the Socialization is the process of learningprocess of learning group group
norms, ideals, habits, behaviours and customs.norms, ideals, habits, behaviours and customs.
The process of Socialization starts long before The process of Socialization starts long before
the child is born.the child is born.
The parents courtship, marital selection, the The parents courtship, marital selection, the
customs concerning pregnancy and birth. customs concerning pregnancy and birth.
Whole system of cultural practices surrounding Whole system of cultural practices surrounding
the family are important for the child’s growththe family are important for the child’s growth. .
But But direct socialization begins only after birthdirect socialization begins only after birth. .

24. Factors of the Process of Factors of the Process of
socializationsocialization
Four factors are determine it Four factors are determine it
1.1.ImitationImitation
2.2.SuggestionSuggestion
3.3.Identification Identification
4.4.LanguageLanguage

25. Factors of the Process of Factors of the Process of
socializationsocialization
Imitation: Imitation:
Imitation is copying by an individual of the Imitation is copying by an individual of the
actions of another.actions of another.
Thus, when the child attempts to walk Thus, when the child attempts to walk
impressively like his father swinging a stick impressively like his father swinging a stick
and wearing spectacles, he is imitating.and wearing spectacles, he is imitating.
Imitation may be conscious or unconscious, Imitation may be conscious or unconscious,
spontaneous or deliberate. spontaneous or deliberate.

26. Factors of the Process of Factors of the Process of
socializationsocialization
Suggestion:Suggestion:
Suggestion is the Suggestion is the process of communicating process of communicating
information information which has no logical or self-which has no logical or self-
evident basis.evident basis.
It may It may conveyed through language, pictures conveyed through language, pictures
or some similar mediumor some similar medium. .
Propaganda and advertising are based on the Propaganda and advertising are based on the
fundamental psychological principles of fundamental psychological principles of
Suggestion.Suggestion.

27. Factors of the Process of Factors of the Process of
socializationsocialization
Identification:Identification:
The child cannot make any distinction The child cannot make any distinction
between his organism and environment.between his organism and environment.
Most of his actions are random.Most of his actions are random.
As he grows in age, he comes to know of the As he grows in age, he comes to know of the
nature of things which satisfy his needs. nature of things which satisfy his needs.
He gradually indentified what he need for He gradually indentified what he need for
happy in his life.happy in his life.

28. Factors of the Process of Factors of the Process of
socializationsocialization
Language: Language:
Language is the Language is the medium of social intercourse.medium of social intercourse.
It is the means of cultural transmission.It is the means of cultural transmission.
At first the child utters some random syllables At first the child utters some random syllables
which have no meaning, but gradually he which have no meaning, but gradually he
come to learn his mother-tongue.come to learn his mother-tongue.
Language moulds the personality of the Language moulds the personality of the
individual form infancy. individual form infancy.

29. Agencies of Socialization Agencies of Socialization
The familyThe family
The schoolThe school
The playmates or friendsThe playmates or friends
The church (religious institutions)The church (religious institutions)
The stateThe state

30. IndividualizationIndividualization
It is the process of in which man It is the process of in which man comes to know comes to know
himself and acquire the sense of inner himself and acquire the sense of inner
responsibility.responsibility.
It is simply the It is simply the process of attaining to one’s own process of attaining to one’s own
self.self.
When a men does not think simply because of When a men does not think simply because of
others do the same things, because his own self others do the same things, because his own self
approves it.approves it.

31. IndividualizationIndividualization
He is carried by his own individuality which He is carried by his own individuality which
is a quality to him. is a quality to him.
Socialization brings man into relation with Socialization brings man into relation with
others but individualization makes him others but individualization makes him
autonomous or self-determiningautonomous or self-determining..
The process of individualization is carried The process of individualization is carried
not only by the individual himself but also not only by the individual himself but also
by the society.by the society.

32. Aspects of IndividualizationAspects of Individualization
Karl MannheimKarl Mannheim has distinguished four has distinguished four
main aspects of individualization.main aspects of individualization.
Individualization as a process Individualization as a process of learning of learning
different from other peopledifferent from other people..
Individualization on the level of Individualization on the level of new forms of new forms of
selfself regarding attitudes. regarding attitudes.
Individualization Individualization through objectsthrough objects..
Individualization as a kind of Individualization as a kind of depending into depending into
ourselvesourselves..

33. Aspects of IndividualizationAspects of Individualization
Individualization as a process of learning Individualization as a process of learning
different from other people:different from other people:
Compare with other persons, he have any Compare with other persons, he have any
such a kind of such a kind of different from others. different from others.
The people isolated from other people, The people isolated from other people,
develop different types of personality.develop different types of personality.
Ex: high mature, over intelligence, shyness etc.,Ex: high mature, over intelligence, shyness etc.,

34. Aspects of IndividualizationAspects of Individualization
Individualization on the level of new forms Individualization on the level of new forms
of self, regarding attitudes:of self, regarding attitudes:
Such a Such a new thinking develop new thinking develop within himself. within himself.
It consists in becoming aware of one’s It consists in becoming aware of one’s
specific character and in the rise of a specific character and in the rise of a new new
kind of self evaluation. kind of self evaluation.
He begins to regard his life and character as He begins to regard his life and character as
unique.unique.

35. Aspects of IndividualizationAspects of Individualization
Individualization through objects:Individualization through objects:
The individualization process develop through The individualization process develop through
objects. objects.
Some Some people come to have a fixed feeling people come to have a fixed feeling
towards certain people and objectstowards certain people and objects..
The peasant and the landed aristocrat are The peasant and the landed aristocrat are
more settled in their wishes than the rich more settled in their wishes than the rich
mobile type of city.mobile type of city.
The family condition also shape the individualThe family condition also shape the individual..

36. Aspects of IndividualizationAspects of Individualization
Individualization as a kind of depending Individualization as a kind of depending
into ourselves:into ourselves:
The feeling of separation becoming lonely The feeling of separation becoming lonely
may lead an individual to introspection may lead an individual to introspection
(examine one’s one feelings).(examine one’s one feelings).
Under such conditions this Under such conditions this develop in the in develop in the in
the individual a feeling of privacy, partial the individual a feeling of privacy, partial
isolation.isolation.

37. Personal DisorganizationPersonal Disorganization
Personal Disorganization represent the Personal Disorganization represent the
behaviour of individual which deviates from the behaviour of individual which deviates from the
social normssocial norms..
Any various Any various behaviour which disturbs the behaviour which disturbs the
integration of the attitude system within the integration of the attitude system within the
personalitypersonality represents called personal represents called personal
disorganization.disorganization.
It means that It means that the individual is out of adjustment the individual is out of adjustment
with society, who has failed to organize the chief with society, who has failed to organize the chief
goals of his life. goals of his life.

38. Personal DisorganizationPersonal Disorganization
It may be mild or violent.It may be mild or violent.
When the parts of social structure do not perform When the parts of social structure do not perform
their functions efficiently and effectively or perform their functions efficiently and effectively or perform
them badly, there occurs an imbalance in society. them badly, there occurs an imbalance in society.
The social equilibrium is disturbed and society gets The social equilibrium is disturbed and society gets
out of gear because of this personal out of gear because of this personal
disorganization.disorganization.
For example: alcoholics, criminals, prostitutes and For example: alcoholics, criminals, prostitutes and
drug addicts etc., who are mentally normal but drug addicts etc., who are mentally normal but
socially abnormal. socially abnormal.

39. Thank youThank you