Individual behavior

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1. L e a L r L a n i g I v o l i r L s IndIvIdual BehavIor

2. goi eLec learnIng
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that
occurs as a result of experience.
Learning
•Involves change
•Is relatively permanent
•Is acquired through experience

3. hlos LotIsyIgoi eLec TheorIes of learnIng
Classical Conditioning
conducted by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to
some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a
response.
•Unconditioned stimulus - (meat)
•Unconditioned response – (noticeable increase in
salivation)
•Conditioned stimulus – (bell, artificial stimulus)
•Conditioned response – (it salivated in reaction to the
bell alone)

4. 2–4hlos LotIsyIgoi eLecIpmsehqau
TheorIes of learnIng (conT’d)
Operant Conditioning
Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner did for operant conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior
leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to
behave to get something they want or to avoid something they
don’t want.
•Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
•Conditioned (learned) behavior
•Reinforcement (Information that makes more forcible or convincing)

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Theories of Learning (conT’d)
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and
direct experience.
•Attentional processes
•Retention processes
•Motor reproduction processes
•Reinforcement processes

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Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves
an individual closer to the desired response.
•Reinforcement is required to change
behavior.
•Some rewards are more effective
than others.
•The timing of reinforcement affects
learning speed and permanence.xsIrpvciPi.iUIvIceopIni-aan
Shaping : A Managerial Tool

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Types of reinforcemenT
Methods of Shaping Behavior
Positive reinforcement
–Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
–Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior
occurs.
Punishment
–Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable
behavior.
Extinction
–Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.

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scheduLes of reinforcemenT
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced
each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often
enough to make the behavior worth
repeating but not every time it is
demonstrated.

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ScheduleS of ReinfoRcement (cont’d)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced at uniform
time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are distributed in time
so that reinforcement are
unpredictable.

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ScheduleS of ReinfoRcement (cont’d)
Fixed-ratio

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BehavioR modification
OB Mod
The application of reinforcement concepts to
individuals in the work setting.
Five Step Problem-Solving Model
1.Identify critical behaviors
2.Develop baseline data
3.Identify behavioral consequences
4.Developing and implementing an intervention strategy
5.Evaluate performance improvement

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oB mod oRganizational applicationS
Well Pay versus Sick Pay
–Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not
absence.
Employee Discipline
–The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training Programs
–OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
Self-management
–Reduces the need for external management control.

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