Indus Valley Civilization And Early Trade

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1. Indus Valley Civilization And Early Trade
Indus valley Civilization and Early Trade Earliest indian civilization lies between the Indus and
Saraswati Rivers The Himalaya separate India and Pakistan from Tajikistan and China Farming on
flood plains started in 6,000 BCE Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa Cities/ Villages were built from fired
bris– roads were just large enough for two large carts and some pedestrians because of theocracy
priests served as representatives for the gods cities usually depended on farms that were irrigated for
a source of food The decline if the Indus valley sped up when nomads started to move in The Vedic
Epoch Aryans were some of the earliest nomads in ancient Asia Vedas are are old oral epics that
were written down long after the Aryan Invasion The
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3. The Major Causes Of The Indus Valley Civilizations
Tryphena Jeyakumar
Mr. Salba, 6th period
Long Essay Question
August 18, 2017 The development of complex societies in the early days impacted many of the
surrounding regions. One of the civilizations that arose with two major complex cities was the Indus
Valley civilization. There were many causes that created the first cities of the Indus Valley. They
could have been shared cultures or religious similarities that brought the great cities of Mohenjo–
Daro and Harappa to life. But the main cause that impacted these cities was because of agricultural
purposes. The cause of the successful civilization of the Indus Valley was because of the
Agricultural Revolutions, a time in which the early peoples turned to food production and
cultivation. As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Indus Valley is an area with widespread cultivation lands, and that is why many farmers and
other people decided to permanently set their roots here. And because they relied on agriculture, the
effect was the development of culture, new technology and even religion. The people of the Indus
Valley needed more efficient ways to plant crops, so they developed new technology, and also
invented ways to build a strong central community. And since they needed to rely on good weather
for the crops, they developed a religion, centering perhaps on an earth mother or a nature deity. Even
though the single main cause was because of the expansion of agriculture, the effects are bigger and
all stemmed from agricultural
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5. A Brief Note On The River Valley Civilizations
River Valley Civilizations' is a term used to refer to great civilizations that grew along river valleys.
The four cultures referred to as river valley civilizations include the Indus river civilization, Yellow
River civilization, Nile River civilization and Tigris–Euphrates civilization. The oldest of the
civilizations is the Tigris–Euphrates civilization that dates back to 3500 to 2500BCE. Communities
during this era tended to align in river valleys for particular reasons. The most crucial reason is the
access to water for purposes of human consumption and agricultural use. Annual flooding in this
areas ensured plentiful enrichment of soil and presence of water that would sustain an excess
amount of crops planted than was needed for an agricultural village. The availability of enough food
and nutrients allowed members of the communities to engage in other activities such as
construction, trade, social organization and metal working. Ease of transportation provided by rivers
also served the communities for purposes of hunting and fishing even though these activities were
not fully exploited by the communities (Fullman, 2013).
The river valley civilizations crystallized independently along different rivers throughout southern
Asia and northern Africa. They are the first recorded complex and politically centralized
civilizations. These cultures become the pillar in the centralization and organization of human
political, economic, religious, and social practices and
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7. Indus Valley Seals
The large and under appreciated civilization of the Indus Valley reveals treasures and achievements
of ancestors from our past. A seal from the Indus Valley has left historians and archeologists puzzled
about its possible meanings. Archeologists believe the seal could represent a particular business, or
even a prominent individual. The seals found could signify trade and commerce amongst villages,
representing their leaders, a sacrificial ritual, or protection and procreation. In some ancient societies
seals were used for printing an image on a document or product. In the Indus Valley the seals often
have images of animals and some kind of title or inscription. Unfortunately the language written on
these seals is still undeciphered. The specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To illustrate, the Indus civilization flourished a thousand years later than the Middle– East and North
Africa. So these huge civilizations were already dominating the area, leaving the Indus Valley in the
shadows. Then Indian or South Asian civilizations moved toward the plains of the Ganges River,
which archeologists believed covered all that remained of the Indus (p.103). The Indus Valley began
to decline around 1700 B.C.E and was not rediscovered until the twentieth century. Therefore
decades passed before any recognition of the Indus Valley, causing erosion and wear on the artifacts
and history of the valley. All scholars have really uncovered are the advanced cities and
neighborhoods they made. This leaves a lot of room for potential explanations about the civilization
and their lives. Moreover, the script written on the seals found are unrecognizable and archeologists
cannot decode the language. The language written on these seals is unlike any other dialect. In
addition, our mindset compared to the people of the Indus Valley is worlds apart. A plausible reason
why people cannot decipher these intricate seals is our mind are overcomplicating their meanings. I
think we perplex, or over simplify, their dialect. We are so in the dark about the interpretations of
this ancient civilization and their seals because the Indus Valley is foreign to us. Limited
archeologist
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9. A Brief Note On The Civilization And The Indus Valley...
1. Norte Chico/Caral: Norte Chico is a series of s twenty–five urban centers emerged in an area. The
largest of the urban centers is known as Caral. Platform mounds were found in this area, as well as
large public ceremonial structures, stone buildings with residential apartment, and also other signs of
urban life.
2. Indus Valley civilization: The Indus Valley civilization is located in present day Pakistan. This
civilization had evidence to provide little indications of no political hierarchy or centralized.
3. Central Asian/ Oxus civilization: A civilization that was economically based on irrigation
agriculture and stock raising. This civilization was a focal point of a "Eurasian–wide system of
intellectual and commercial exchange." This civilization started to fade away by 1700 B.C.E.
4. Olmec cilviazation: The Olmec Civilization was a final First Civilization that formed around 1200
B.C.E. This civilization arose from a series of competing chiefdoms. These chiefdoms turned into
ceremonial centers filled with decorated temples, altars, pyramids, and tombs. This civilization may
have even created the first written language in the Americas. Olmec civilization also influenced
civilizations that came later on such as the Maya and Telihuacan.
5. Uruk: Uruk is an ancient Mesopotamia city, and is also the largest city. This city had walls over
20 feet and also a population of around 50,000 people. There were temples inside Uruk that were
served as a center for ritual
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11. Comparing Mesopotamia And The Indus River Valley Civilization
Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley Civilization were two uniform civilizations. These two
civilizations shared many similarities and few differences in the social and political aspect of these
two societies. First of all, Mesopotamia seemed to neglect the religious and political side, because
they focused more on their social characteristics. And because Mesopotamia focused more on social
characteristics they had very organized caste systems. The Indus River Valley concentrated their
attention on religious beliefs and social characteristics. All in all, both of these civilizations had
many similar characteristics and a couple of dissimilar social and political characteristics.
Both of these civilizations had a similar government system, they both had a monarchy government.
In a monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although both civilizations have very organized caste systems, Mesopotamia has the most detailed
caste system with several categories. Their system in broken into six different categories and each
one is very detailed and precise. At the bottom of the social hierarchy were the slaves, then the
commoners, merchants and artisans, after that were the scribes, the priests, and last but not least at
the top of the hierarchy is the king. The king had the post power and influence on others; people
thought very highly of him. The king was frequently the monarch and the high priest. If the
god/gods did not provide for welfare of the citizens, the people often held the king responsible, and
deposed him. The kings that ruled the city–states only ruled in their cities and the hinterland that
immediately surrounded the city. The residents in these cities might identify themselves as citizens
of their neighborhood or their city, as well as a part of a family group, but they had no larger group.
Although, the lower ranked categories were not respected all of these jobs made an exclusive
contribution to the
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13. Indus Valley Disappearance
It is believed that the disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization is a mystery. To this day
unknown; yet, there are many opinions that could not be proven. It's been said, that invasion took
place, and most of the ancient people were captured, taken away or murdered. This proved to be
false; archeologist found that the people of Indus Valley were peaceful for thousands of years. The
human bones found showed no proof of brutality or injury. To this day neither war nor records of
confrontation has been found in the land, and no evidence of an army. Once decline was thought the
cause of drought and claimant change; due to floods, change of river course and the removal of
forest, it was believed that the people abandoned Indus Valley
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15. Women And Men In The Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus valley civilization was an ancient civilization that lasted/height was 700 years and their
location was Pakistan, Afghanistan and India meaning north west.
Jewelry was wored by the women and men in the Indus valley civilization. I am making a bangle
form soft clay for making the round shape.
The stone type of material use in the Indus valley civilization were silver, gold, copper, ivory,
pottery and beads these were the most common materials to make jewelry. Both Women and Men
wore jewelry.
The Indus Valley Civilization had also used beads and had painted them as well. Most websites
aren't giving any information about this but most of them are saying that there is evidence that there
was a city "Lothal" in the INC where people use to make jewelry and paint/ design beads. ... Show
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Thread was the most commonly used.
The Indus valley civilization was an ancient civilization that lasted/height was 700 years and their
location was Pakistan, Afghanistan and India meaning north west.
Jewelry was wored by the women and men in the Indus valley civilization. I am making a bangle
form soft clay for making the round shape.
The stone type of material use in the Indus valley civilization were silver, gold, copper, ivory,
pottery and beads these were the most common materials to make jewelry. Both Women and Men
wore jewelry.
The Indus Valley Civilization had also used beads and had painted them as well. Most websites
aren't giving any information about this but most of them are saying that there is evidence that there
was a city "Lothal" in the INC where people use to make jewelry and paint/ design beads. They used
threads not chains because they were no chains at that time except threads (thick threads). Thread
was the most commonly
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17. Comparing The River Valley Civilizations
Comparing and Contrasting River Valley Civilizations In the following treatise, the research that
will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life
in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of
Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in
their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive
as possible, the primary focus will be on comparing and analyzing the cultures and ambiance, or
environments, political organization and religious beliefs, and social structures of each society. The
following categories are going to be analyzed by utilizing the frameworks of the four river valley
civilizations. Without further ado, a juxtaposition of the ancient river valley civilizations. The first
topic of comparison is the prospect of culture and environment in each society. Due to cultural
diffusion amongst the civilizations, except geographically isolated China, among other factors, it can
be deduced that the civilizations had many similar practices. However, each society boasted
distinctive qualities. Early Mesopotamia, known by the moniker of "the land between the rivers,"
was a fertile plain settled near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers located in the Fertile Crescent. All of
the river valley civilizations settled near a river. Egypt settled near the Nile; the Indus Valley
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19. Mohenjo-Daro : The City Of The Indus Valley Civilization
Mohenjo–Daro was one of the most important cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is the largest
and best preserved city of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located on the right of the Indus River
and it's in southern Pakistan. It was built around 2500 BC and has a surface land area of 500 acres.
This is such a large area that archaeologists believed it served as the main source of power for the
civilization. One monument that was found that was important in that area was "The Great Bath."
This was a 900 sq foot tank that had water from the Indus River. It had an elaborate sewage system.
Mohenjo–Daro also has remains of another ancient Indus Civilization called Harrappa. (The Editors
of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Mohenjo–Daro.") The name Mohenjo Daro means "Mound of the
dead." It is called the "Mound of the Dead" because after the disappearance of this ancient
civilization, things such as people, remains of pottery, remains of buildings got buried in the soil and
with time, created a mound. (John Roach. "Mohenjo–Daro.") Mohenjo–Daro has also been called
"The City of Wells" because the city had been estimated to have over 700 wells that had fresh water
in the area. There was evidence of pottery, seals, and tools of copper that was used and traded.
Mohenjo–Daro also had no places of worship or governance which shows that class structure was
equal. The lower–town of Mohenjo– Daro housed 20,000–40,000 people and had a grid system
similar to modern day blocks. After 600
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21. Comparing Ancient Egypt And Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization has many things to compare and contrast with Ancient Egypt Civilization.
They are comparable in the way they are located, technology contributions, and their agriculture.
They were both located near great rivers, oceans and fertile land. Even though, they were both
contemporary civilizations, they were severely diverse in their culture and religion. Although they
are alike in some ways, they have certain traits that differentiate them from themselves. One of the
main differences between these amazing civilizations is their culture. Egyptians worshiped many
gods and had many statues and temples for them. As seen throughout all the Nile Valley, Egyptians
had pharaohs and built great pyramids for them. In contrast, there is little evidence that Indus people
had many rulers or had any worship temples. However, like the Egyptians, Indus people ... Show
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For instance, they were both located next to great rivers and seas for the same purpose; for
agriculture and as a water source. The Egyptians had the Nile River and the Red and Mediterranean
Seas, while the Indus had the Indus River and the Arabian Sea. But there is a major divergence;
Egypt is located in the desert, while Indus Valley has numerous types of landscapes on and around
it. Mountain ranges, highlands, and plains all describe Indus Valley's topography. Thanks to Indus
Valley's landscape, it was never invaded or attacked by other civilizations until the very end of their
civilization; which in turn makes then a civilization with not much of historical highlights such as
wars. Actually, there is no such evidence that any weapons and armors existed. In comparison,
Egypt was invaded numerous times by the Libyans and the Nubians and since they had armory, the
Egyptians also invaded Levant and Nubia and later revolted against the
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23. Compare And Contrast Mesopotamia And Indus Valley...
In the duration of these two civilizations, the people of Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley
innovated their world, and in turn, changed ours. Mesopotamia spanned from 5000–3500 B.C.E.
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, while the Indus Valley's main time period was 3300–1300
B.C.E, in what is now Pakistan and Northwest India. These civilizations left a mark on the world
through the way they ran their cities, how they worshipped, and the legacy that came out of
Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley. One of the chief characteristics of both Mesopotamia and
the Indus River Valley were their political systems. At first in Mesopotamia, there were just
individual cities, such as Sumer and Babylon. Eventually these turned into a mainly central
government with two branches. The first was a counsel made up of religious authorities, and the
second was the lugal. The lugal was the name for the monarch of Mesopotamia, basically like a
king. Possibly the most famous lugal, Hammurabi was the lugal of Babylon. He is most easily
known with the code of laws that he created, the code of Hammurabi. It was one of the first writings
of its kind, detailing everything from trading procedures to punishments for every type of crime.
Even with these two branches of government connecting all of the cities in Mesopotamia, they were
mainly independent cities. Each city collected their own taxes, and had power enough to battle with
each other. Mesopotamia was a patriarchal society, with most,
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25. The Indus Valley Civilizations
Ancient Economy Indus Valley Report The Indus Valley civilization, which lasted from 5,500 B.C.E
to 1,500 B.C.E, was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations of all time and it had an
economy which was extremely dependent on trade, agriculture, hunting, and pottery. Through trade,
the Indus Valley Civilizations exchanged many technologies with other major civilizations and this
allowed them to become one of the most successful civilizations of all time. Although their cities,
which had buildings with multiple stories and were air conditioned, were made out of mud bricks as
compared to the tall metal skyscrapers of today, Indus Valley was one of the first large human
settlements on Earth. This coupled with inventions such as buttons, irrigation, the seal, and the ruler,
helped Indus Valley to go down in history as a civilization which was ahead of its time. The
economy of Indus Valley was very diverse. It specialized in producing dates, grapes and melons;
cotton for cotton cloths; and other crops such as wheat and peas. Indus Valley is known to be the
first place that cotton was cultivated and used to weave cloths. This was a revolutionary
advancement since cotton is one of the most used resources today. This proves that Indus Valley was
a really valuable ancient civilization which was way ahead of its time. The use of cotton allowed
them to step up as a unique and valuable trading partner since they provided a product which was
scarcely found. This along with the
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27. Comparing The Nile, Mesopotamia, And Indus Civilizations
Comparing the Nile, Mesopotamia, and Indus Civilizations The civilizations of the Nile River
valley, the Mesopotamia valley, and Indus Valley marked human progress toward fixed settlements
and the development of a rich culture. These civilizations shared many characteristics that
contributed to their success. What made these civilizations unique were the contributions that each
one gave to the world. They contributed their own ideas and accomplishments in the areas of
religion, science, and mathematics. These contributions defined each civilization and how they
would be remembered, as well as, their importance to the world. These three civilizations created
cultures that built societies and people for future generations. Starting around 3100 BC they began.
The rule of King Menes began the Egyptian civilization by unifying the Upper and Lower Egypt
into one kingdom (Duiker and Speilvogel 17). The Mesopotamian civilization located between the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, began with the Sumerians people (Duiker and Speilvogel 9). Also, in
now what is modern day India, another civilization began. It was located in the Indus River Valley
with the Harappan people (Duiker and Speilvogel 38). Three early civilizations laid the foundation
for what would be the progression of future civilizations, all of which would greatly influenced the
world. All of these places had consecutive civilizations that eventually collapsed, even though each
preceding civilization influenced
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29. Artifact Of Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early civilization between 3000 B.C to 15000 B.C and as the
civilization collapsed, archaeologist found a 3–D figurine of a man on a structure with wheels,
attached to two animal like figures. The artifact reflects on innovation used by this society by the
use of the wheel. As the wheel was first invented, it was mainly used as a "potter wheel" just to
shape and mold ceramic ware and they innovated from that idea of a wheel, to a transportation
device as shown in the artifact. Also, the artifact teaches us about a belief in this society by
displaying they believed in efficiency. The man was transporting on wheels and with the help of
animals to make it easier and faster for travelling. Another thing that
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31. Ancient Indian Civilization
ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION
In the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and Mesopotamia were not the only
"early civilizations." In the vast Indus River plains (located in what is today Pakistan and western
India), under layers of land and mounds of dirt, archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600
year–old city. A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and
Mesopotamian states – in an area twice each of their sizes. The Indian civilization is one of the most
ancient civilizations of the world. It is known as the Sindhu civilization or the Indus Valley
civilization or the Aryan civilization. Sometimes it is also referred to as the Vedic civilization.
The Aryans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CLIMATE
Climate was an ingredient in early Indian civilizations for several reasons. Monsoons, winds that
mark the seasons, are one of the most immediate. The first monsoon of the season blows from North
to Northeast periodically during November through March. Little rain is present during this
monsoon, however what precipitation does fall, it falls on the Northern slope of the Himilayas.
During mid–June through October a second monsoon indicates the 'Wet Season' – a.k.a. – the
southwest monsoon. Following the southwest monsoon, heavy rains fall in its wake (however sparse
rainfall falls on the Western Ghats, the heaviest rainfull occours over the Ganges Valley and the
Eastern Himilayan Mountains). The timing of these winds is critical; too little or too late rainfall
results in an unsuccessful harvest, yet too much or an extended period of rainfall causes flooding
along the country side. Temperatures also play a significant role in how Indian's settled the land in
anchient times. The ideal area – the Deccan plateau – had mild temperatures in the summer opposed
to the blistering heat of the Western Ghats and valleys which could climb up to one–hundred twenty
degrees farenheit.
The annual rainfall in the Indus region varies between 5 and 20 inches (125 to 500 millimeters).
Except for the mountainous section of Pakistan, the Indus valley lies in the driest part of the
subcontinent. Northwestern winds
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33. Indus River Valley Civilization
The Indus River Valley civilization was an ancient civilization located on a subcontinent called
India. The Indus River Valley civilization was naturally isolated by the Himalayas and the east and
west Ghat mountains. The ancient civilization was located near a river, like most of the ancient
civilizations of their time. Because India was surrounded by mountains on all sides, the subcontinent
was very prone to attacks. A major problem for the Indus River Valley civilization was the constant
monsoons it had. India had two different types of monsoons, the winter monsoon and the summer
monsoon. The Indus River Valley civilization depended on the summer monsoon, because that is
when they got most of their rain. When the winter monsoon hit the ... Show more content on
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It is also believed they participated in the maritime trade network. The ancient civilization would
trade many different types of things, for example they traded silver, gold, seashells, flint, and
gemstones. Cotton was one of the most important items the ancient civilization traded. The Indus
River Valley civilization had one of the largest trade routes of their time, which expanded from
Mesopotamia to China.
The Indus River Valley civilization society was based around a social hierarchy, which was divided
into groups based upon occupations. The highest group of the social hierarchy was the Brahmins, or
also known as priests. The second highest group of the hierarchy was the Kshatriyas, or warriors.
The third group were called the Vaisyas, which consisted of the herders, farmers, artisans, and
merchants. The fourth group consisted of people who had little or no Aryan heritage called the
Sudras, they consisted of farm workers, servants, and other laborers. The lowest group of the social
hierarchy was the dalits, they did work no one else wanted to do. Their social class determined who
they could marry, what kind of education they could get, where they could live, and what jobs they
could get.
The Indus River Valley religion was polytheistic, which meant they believed in many god. The
ancient civilization worshipped god and goddesses who embodied natural forces. The main god the
civilization worshiped was Indra, the god of war. Indra´s was weapon
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35. Indus Valley Civilization And The Coming Of The Aryans
The Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans is the start of ancient India. The Indus
Valley Civilization had flourished from around 2500 B.C. to about 1500 B.C. The Indus Valley has a
larger geographical reach than Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Indus civilization's economy was based
on a very well organized agriculture. At first, farming settlements began around 4000 BCE, and
around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By around 2600 BCE, many of the
towns and cities had been established. Between around 2500–2000 BCE the civilization had reached
its peak. Ancient India is also known for many of its inventions and accomplishments that it
achieved. Ancient India is home to the two religious beliefs of Hinduism and Buddhism. It has many
contributions in math that include square roots, decimals, numbers 0–9, and even algebra. The
ancient civilization was also the creator of many games. These games include playing cards, polo,
chess, checkers, judo, karate, and snakes and ladders. The list of India's accomplishments include of
over one–thousand cures for diseases. India's inventions and accomplishments are a major part of its
history. Ancient India was also very dependent on its government and economy. The two very
important things that they focused on were farming and trade. Farming gave the people food so they
could eat and they could trade. They would usually trade for anything that they had needed at the
time which included cotton, gold,
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37. Compare And Contrast Mesopotamia And Indus River Valley...
Ishaan Sarfani The two ancient river valley civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Indus River valley
civilization, prior to 600 BCE had many things that remained stagnant in terms of their cultures but
also they had just as many changes. Due to New advances and by influence from other civilizations
such as the Indus over Mesopotamia and vice versa this increased the amount of change a lot. As
these river valley civilizations grew and developed they began to gain influence from other
surrounding ones. In both societies religion played a crucial role in politics. Although there is no
solid evidence to state that there was a formal style of governance in the ancient Indus civilization it
is theorized that there was because of the mass amounts of public works that there are present which
are found in the ruins of their civilization. So it is believed that the Brahmins is had some role to
play in government. As the story goes in India there was a god named purusha who sacrificed
himself in order to cease the caste system. Purusha's mouth became the people of the top caste called
the Brahmins. These people were the priests. Next came the warriors known as Kshatriyas. They
made up purusha's arms. This system followed and continued as such all the way down to purushas
legs where the artisans and craftsman were. In Mesopotamia there was a similar system to that of the
Indus civilization's the code of Hammurabi which shows us a glimpse into the Mesopotamians
version of the case
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39. Indus River Valley Research Paper
The Indus River Valley is the best civilization out of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and of course the
Indus River Valley. I think this and believe this for many reasons. One reason is that the Indus River
Valley created a sewer system. Also, they build a big grain bin that held all of their grain. There are
some other things that the Indus River Valley created.
The Indus River Valley created a sewer system. They were the first civilization to have a system like
this. This helped keep their city a lot cleaner than it was without one. It really helped because their
system was underground. This is one of the reasons I think the Indus River Valley is the best.
I also think the Indus River Valley is the most outstanding because they had a huge grain
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41. Similarities Between Civilizations And Ancient Civilizations
Although the Mesopotamia civilization was thought to be located in between the Tigris and
Euphrates river , which is now west of Iraq , and the Indus Valley civilization was thought to be
located near the Indus Valley , now New Delhi , India , these two civilizations have many
similarities and also many differences . These specific similarities and differences range from
location , religion , way of life , types of governments , political structures , social structures ,
intuitions and many more . Both civilizations are considered to be ancient civilizations , meaning ,
based on the free dictionary* , the history of an ancient world from the earliest known civilizations
to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 a.d . In this essay I will explain and inform ,
you the reader , about the similarities and differences between these two civilizations . "The first
known civilization in the Fertile Crescent was uncovered in the 1800 ' s in Mesopotamia . The Tigris
and Euphrates rivers define Mesopotamia , which means , ' between the rivers ' , in Greek. " This
civilization is known for many things , but one of the main things they are known for are creating
the first writing systems. Their form of writing , cuneiform , used different pictures to represent
various objects but soon shifted to the use of geometric shapes to symbolize spoken sound. Also
using judicial literature , one of Hammurabi ' s code of laws , and tipped literature stylus for writing
, or record
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43. The Indus Valley Civilization
The Indian society adopted a class or caste system from the Indus Valley people. Just like the Indus
society had priest rulers, the Indian society has the high class Indian Brahmins, which are seen as
the priestly class. Trade was a very big part of the Indus Valley society, everything that they did,
everything that they made was to ensure that they were able to create and trade more effectively. The
class system during the Indus Valley civilization is extremely similar to the class system seen in
Pakistan and India today. There were farmers, who grew crops, mustard, sesame, grapes, dates,
melons, and khan. There were traders, these people were extremely good at what they did, and this
is one of the reasons why the Indus Valley Civilization was able to prosper for so long. There were
craftsmen, these people made things for people to use in everyday life. Just like today, they would
be people that would make things and other people who would buy them. This contributed to the
stability of the Indus civilization. Just like most ancient civilizations, priests played an important
part in ruling the civilization. They were seen as the closest to God, and that is why they were given
such authority and power. For people who follow religions, the religious leaders are very important
because they are seen as all knowing & are respected by the people of the religious community.
Just like the present, people in the Indus Valley Civilization loved fashion and some of these
fashions
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45. Why Did The Indus Valley Have An Advanced Civilization
The people in the Indus Valley had an advanced civilization. They had an efficient working sewer
system. It showed they were an advanced civilization because most people at that time did not have
that sort of innovation. It carried waste away from houses so that the city will be clean and diseases
free. They also had a grid system for their roads and pathways. It showed they have an advanced
civilization because other civilizations did not have such an organized government system that could
organize, construct and plan a grid system for the roads and pathways for the city. It shows that they
had good architectural knowledge. Another reason why the people of the Indus Valley civilization
were part of an advanced civilization is that of their
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47. Research Paper On Indus River Valley Civilization
Ancient Egypt
Egyptian civilization began around 5000 BC and began to flourish in 3000 BC. Generally ancient
Egyptian history is seperated into three kingdoms the old kingdon, middle, and new kingdom. The
old kingdom (2686BC– 2134BC) is the time period where most of what we think of ancient Egypt
like the pyramids (built as burial tombs for the pharoah). During that time Egyptians began to write
texts, study medicine, and find new battle tactics. The Egyptians were polytheists and had a
pantheon of gods, they believed the pharoah to be the god Horus and was thus treated as
such.Egyptian society was more egalitarian than other societies, women could own property and
divorce their husbands. There was not social mobility in Egyptian society, but It was not impossible
to rise up the social ladder.
Indus river valley
The Indus river valley civilization located along the Indus river was first settled around 5000BC l. It
began to flurish in 3000 Bc, And In 2600 BC one of the best known cities of the Indus river valley
civilization, Moenjo Daro was established. Buildings in the city were built out of baked bricks and
set up so the buildings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rivers were unstable and flooded often, the area also Lacked many natural resources. In
response the mesopotamians began building things like irrigation systems and levies to help keep
the rivers under control and make it easier to grow food. As more and more cities began forming
people increasingly did more than make food leading to things like writing and technology. Travel
was fairly easy as sailing on the rivers allowed people to quickly go from one end of Mespotamia to
the other. Eventually as cities grew larger they needed more from outside their borders, they started
trading with other countries; leading cities like Uruk to become centers of world
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49. Compare The Early Civilizations Of The Indus River Valley...
During the early civilizations The Nile River Valley and the Indus River Valley Civilization were the
two that stuck out the most to me. Both of these civilizations where built near a river or on a river
where the water could be used as power. They both have a lot of differences and things in common.
In the beginning I'm going to explain some important facts about the Indus River Valley
Civilization.
In 2500 B.C. the Indus River Valley Civilization was formed. The Indus civilization was around for
1000 years, but then disappeared off the planet without a trace. The civilization did not leave behind
any types of records. So there was no way for people to study their way of life. Today in present day
the civilization is located in Pakistan. With ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nile people always valued, praised, and showed lots of respect to the pharaoh's family. In the
Indus Valley Society lots of diseases and wars were prevented because of the Indus Mountains and
the Arabian Sea. The Indus River was a very important source of transportation to the people of that
civilization. The Indus River provided rich soil for the farmers, and they were able to harvest crops.
Most of the people in the Nile River Civilization were farmers. They also had servants, who served
the wealthy and created the pyramids. They had craftsmen, who created tools and progressed the
looks of tombs. The Indus Valley Civilization had certain social classes you could be born in, and
you had to stay in that social class for the rest of your life. Kshatriyas were soldiers and aristocrats
who weren't as highly recognized as Brahmins. Shudras were peasants and servants. Vaishyas were
farmers, craftsmen, and merchants also called low class citizens. Brahmins were the Alpha male
such as the king and priests. In each village they had a teacher who taught the young children. In the
Indus Civilization, priests were highly recognized and religion had a lot to do with how cities were
ran, and Rajahs ruled cities. They created irrigation systems which used rivers as transportation. The
people of the Nile civilization would scatter the seeds around the field and have their animals go
around and push them into the
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51. The Indus Valley Civilization
The peaceful, wealthy and structured Indus Valley Civilisation fell apart between the time of
1900BC and 1700BC. The combination of floods in some areas, drought, anarchy and supposedly
natural disasters brought the Civilisation that was once flourishing between 2600BC and 1900BC to
the ground. Some historians speculate the Indus Valley Civilisation was devastated by a great war.
Hindu poems titled the Rig Veda (1500BC) explain northern invaders conquering the Indus Valley
cities. But, despite the physical annihilation of the Indus Civilisation, only the cities fell into ruins.
Farmers in the Indus Valley continued living in their villages, and the monsoons "de–urbanized"
them. The Indian Religion Hinduism appears to have close connections with the ancient Indus
religion. Some of the Hindu gods are very similar to the gods shown on Indus Valley seals. The
Indus Valley people considered water as being Holy, and the Hindus believe they are 'purified' in a
religious way when they bathe in the sanctified Ganges River. The Indus Valley Civilisation was
destroyed from the outside, but many features of the Civilisation and people lived on.
Distinct from most major religions, Hinduism doesn't have a central person who claims they are the
founder of it. In its place, there is an intricate origin which dates back five thousand years to the
people that lived in the Indus Valley Civilisation. When the Aryan communities of Persia attacked
the Indus Valley around the time of 1700 BC, the
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53. Indian social and political ideas can be traced back to...
Indian social and political ideas can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Hinduism was a
defining religion of the Indus valley culture and remained a key political entity until emperor
Ashoka came. He established Buddhism and spread it throughout Asia. The Mauryas rejuvenated
Hinduism and Islam even came in the eighth century. The Mughal Empire allowed India to become
united despite all the different religions and cultures. However, this did not last long because the
Europeans had decided to make claims in India.
Europeans wanted to control the Indian trade and they were not afraid of making these claims
violently. Loyola University of Chicago wrote, "It was Europeans use of force that enabled them to
penetrate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2). The Indians would remain under the control of the Europeans, which mostly included the
English. It was not until the late 19th century and early 20th century that a man named Mohandas
Gandhi appeared. Gandhi was helpful in driving the British away from India, but it took a long time
for him to succeed and it cost him his life. India wanted freedom and their ideals remained mostly
the same even through European control for hundreds of years.
The Caste System has been a part of India's culture for a long time and it has caused many social
controversies between the higher and lower castes. UCLA wrote, "The greater majority of the Indian
people have no assurance of two nutritious meals a day, safety of employment, safe and clean
housing, or such level of education as would make it possible for them to understand their
constitutional rights and obligations" ("UCLA" para. 1). The higher castes believed that lower castes
were bad and that association with them was unlucky. They also wanted to conserve their power and
that is the reasoning behind the social division. The lower castes lived unhealthy lives and many of
them died at young ages, and they wanted to have more equal rights. This controversy is old but it
still continues today and it has
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55. How Did The Decline Of The Indus Valley Civilization
The Bronze Era consisted of four major river valley civilizations, the Nile in Egypt, Tigris–
Euphrates in Mesopotamia, Huang He in China, and the Indus in India. These civilizations had the
advantage of fertile soil and easy transportation due to the rivers that they lived by. All of these
civilizations boomed when they began and survived for thousands of years, but one, the Indus Valley
Civilization. Although the Indus Valley Civilization declined from 1900 BC to 1300 BC,
nevertheless it was far more sophisticated than Mesopotamia because of their planned cities, their
advanced drainage system, and their trade with Mesopotamia and within their civilization. The
beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization,
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57. The Roles Of The Indus River Valley And Egyptian...
Rivers are the key aspect of civilization. The early civilizations are usually found by rivers. The
reason is these rivers give early civilizations certain gifts, or the essentials for survival. The rivers
give people silt. Silt is a very wet clay the makes soil fertile for farming, no matter your location. In
turn, the plans grown in silt give the civilizations food and items to trade. Another, gift is fresh
water. You cannot drink salt water, or water your plants with salt water or they would die. The fresh
water allows civilizations to use irrigation systems to move the flooding of the rivers to the plants to
water them. With the fresh water, they can even clean themselves with it. Along with silt, the river
provides food by giving fish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The geography was a huge aspect of the civilizations way of life. The Indus River Valley was a very
peaceful civilization. There was little to no weapons found in the civilization. They faced so much
time with no attacks they had no army. The reason the Indus River Valley could remain untouched
because of its natural barrier. The Hindu Kush Mountains surrounded the civilization to the north
and the rest was surrounded water. The rivers provided transportation out of the civilization and
acted as a trade route for the people. Despite their communication with the outside world, the
civilization remained peaceful because no civilization was going to climb mountains to conquer it.
One civilization did cross the mountains. They were called the Aryans. The Aryans combined with
the civilization presently there and created one huge civilization. The disadvantage of the location of
the Indus River Valley Civilization was monsoons. Monsoons were strong seasonal winds that gave
the civilization two seasons: the wet and the dry. The wet season was during the summer and it
blows moist air eastward causing floods. The dry season was during the winter months and it blows
dry air westward causing droughts. Although there was a disadvantage of living in the Indus River
Valley Civilization, it was still a very peaceful civilization to live in. Out of these civilizations, I
would rather live in the Indus River Valley. One reason is the Indus River Valley
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59. The Harappan Civilization Of Indus River Valley
The Indus River Valley, located in present day Pakistan was a full–fledged civilization that emerged
in 3300 B.C.E. The Harappan Civilization, stretching from present day Afghanistan to Pakistan
contained vast amounts of small communities. The society was very technologically advanced and
somewhat modeled the fundamentals of the society we live in today. The Harappan society was one
of the earliest to have a system of writing; however historians have still not interpreted them today.
Nevertheless, the society left us numerous archaeological and architectural ruins that provide much
information. Harappa, an Indus River Valley that left us no written records, but only some remains
helped us understand the society's urban planning, trade, lifestyle and mortality rate.
From the remains that were left by the Harappan society; today archaeologists can understand the
civilization's urban planning. In the last few years, archaeologists discovered major structures that
belonged to the time period of 2600 B.C.E. These structures were made from baked bricks. These
structures gave us clues about the material that was used from the planning of the city. From such
remains, archaeologists were able to learn that house sand streets were laid out in a certain pattern,
which was from North to South and East to West. There were multistoried houses that were found,
giving us information that houses were present in the Harappan Civilization many like the ones
today. There were also parts of
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61. The Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization:
In the region of South Asia, Indus Valley civilization is acknowledged as the oldest civilization
which is situated in the region of India's western drift and Indus River (Hirst, 2017). This
civilization performed central government and delivered well developed cities and towns along with
compositions and controlled food productions. This civilization is different from those of
Mesopotamia and Egypt, and hence was not overwhelmed by intense figures of religion (Green,
2016). No sanctuaries were manufactured and no pictures of state divine beings or lords have been
found. Deforestation, environmental change and a progression of intrusions all added to the decline
of the Indus civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization is also acknowledged as Indus civilization
which was situated in a zone of somewhere in the range of 1.6 million square kilometers in what is
today eastern Pakistan and northeastern India between around 2500–1900 BC (Hirst, 2017).
Indus Valley Seals:
Alexander Cunningham, in 1870, distributed a few discoveries uncover at Harappa under the
establishment of the Archeological Survey of India. That demonstrate some inquisitive protest
among them, a 1*1 inch of smooth engraved mud, covered in the vestiges (Rao et al., 2009). The
piece was not cleaned and appeared to engrave the sculpture of a bull. It was at first suspected that
the seal was a not a local possession rather a foreign object. Later on numerous such revelations
were
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

63. The Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in floodplains of the Indus and Saraswati. Their rivers
flooded twice a year on the dot. They flourished around 3,000 B.C.E. They were one of the largest
ancient civilizations. They had great cities some of the best known were Harappa and Mohenjo
Daro. They started trading with Mesopotamian in 3,500 B.C.E. They had great cities some of the
best known were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Archaeologists found more than 1,500 sites. Homes
were multistory made with uniform bricks and their streets were perpendicular. Homes also had
natural air conditioning by building them to catch the wind. Most homes were connected to an
underground drainage system that used gravity. Some of their largest buildings or rooms were
bathhouses. Archaeologists thought they were peaceful because the found no weapons and are
thought to have faded into obscurity. There are three ways people think this happened either they
were defenseless because they had no weapons, they destroyed their environment or there was an
earthquake that changed the environment. The Mesopotamian Civilization was located in modern
Iraq between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates Potamoi. They helped create writing and taxes. They
started appearing 5,000 years ago. Farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses where
workers were paid in grain. There was a lot of conflicts between country and city. In the cities, there
was a canal system and a couple of monumental
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65. Similarities And Differences Between The River Valley And...
The Neolithic Revolution was the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming.
This revolution changed people's lives in several ways. It changed the way people lived because
before the Neolithic Revolution they relied on hunting and gathering food. It also changed the way
they settled, because of this revolution they were able to live in villages for a long time, unlike
before; they had to relocate often because their food source would become scarce. The way
civilizations lived changed because of the Neolithic Revolution. A civilization is a form of culture
that consists of cities, advanced technology, specialized workers, complex institutions, and record
keeping. The early river valley civilizations; which developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, and
China, had more similarities than differences. The river valley civilizations were similar when it
came to their writing systems, inventions, and geography. However, they were also different when it
came to writing systems and inventions. The river valley civilizations developed writing systems.
Each writing system was unique, but they also had similarities between them. The people from
Mesopotamia had a writing system called "cuneiform." The Egyptians had a writing system called
"hieroglyphics." Cuneiform was a writing system based on pictures (3.) Just like cuneiform,
hieroglyphics was also based on pictures (11.) Both writing systems presented objects or ideas. Also,
they were both carved into stone.
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67. The Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization:
In the region of South Asia, Indus Valley civilization is acknowledged as the oldest civilization
which is situated in the region of India's western drift and Indus River (Hirst, 2017). This
civilization performed central government and delivered well developed cities and towns along with
compositions and controlled food productions. This civilization is different from those of
Mesopotamia and Egypt, and hence was not overwhelmed by intense figures of religion (Green,
2016). No sanctuaries were manufactured and no pictures of state divine beings or lords have been
found. Deforestation, environmental change and a progression of intrusions all added to the decline
of the Indus civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization is also acknowledged as Indus civilization
which was situated in a zone of somewhere in the range of 1.6 million square kilometers in what is
today eastern Pakistan and northeastern India between around 2500–1900 BC (Hirst, 2017).
Indus Valley Seals:
Alexander Cunningham, in 1870, distributed a few discoveries uncover at Harappa under the
establishment of the Archeological Survey of India. That demonstrate some inquisitive protest
among them, a 1*1 inch of smooth engraved mud, covered in the vestiges (Rao et al., 2009). The
piece was not cleaned and appeared to engrave the sculpture of a bull. It was at first suspected that
the seal was a not a local possession rather a foreign object. Later on numerous such revelations
were
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

69. Indus Valley Civilization Essay
The Indus Valley civilization is located in India along the Indus River. India is a subcontinent in a
region known as South Asia. Two capital cities in this area are Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa. To this
day it includes three out of ten of the world's most populous countries, two mountain nations, and an
island nation. Which includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh(countries), Nepal and
Bhutan(mountains), and Sri Lanka(island). The Indus civilization lasted from 2600 to 1900 B.C. and
was known as the Harappan civilization. The Early Harappan phase 3300–2600 B.C., Mature
Harappan phase 2600–1900 B.C., and the Late Harappan phase 1900–1300 B.C. are the three time
phases that separated the Indus Valley civilization. In 1865 constructors where ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another economic trait is that India is divided into three major zones: the dry Deccan plateau, the
coastal plains on either side of the Deccan, and the Gangetic Plain in the north. The Deccan juts into
the Indian Ocean as a plateau, which lacks much of melting snow that leads into rivers and causes
unproductive agriculture, arid parts, and populated sparsely. The Gangetic Plain is watered by
mighty rivers such as the Indus River, Ganges, and Brahmaputra which carried melting snow from
the mountains. The coastal plains are below Deccan because its separation from low–lying mountain
ranges, which contains the Eastern and Western Ghats and because of the low–lying mountains,
farmers receive lots of rain water. In the Indus Valley there is not many records to state how their
society actually but artifacts such as pottery, seals, weights, and bricks. Archeologists suggest that
they show some type of authority and governance, though it is not clear. Various theories have
developed over time such as that a single state surrounded all of the communities of the civilization.
It is supported by artifacts, standardized ratio of brick size, the evidence of planned settlements, and
the apparent establishment of sources near sources of raw material. Also that there was no single
ruler, but a number of rulers representing different communities. Clues from statues and images on
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71. The Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus valley civilizations was an intriguing and sophisticated ancient culture and also a major
contributor in the development of what later came to be known as "Hinduism" . The civilization was
founded "accidentally" in the 19th century when the British engineers were searching for ballast for
a railway line in north–western India (which is now modern day Pakistan) and found the remains of
what seemed to be an ancient city which was only known only to locals until then. In the early 20th
century, when other similar sites were uncovered, archaeologists realized the significance of the
discovery, which turned out to be one of the most prospering civilizations of the ancient world. It is
called The Indus Valley Civilization because most of its settlements are situated along the banks of
the Indus River .The largest and most important of this civilization were its two prospering cities
known as Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa. These names are of post–Indus origin as they were given
with reference to the towns built much later on the ruins of these ancient cities. During their
prosperous period,, Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa had a population of around 40–50 thousand, which
was a lot by ancient standards. Both of these cities were highly organized and strategically planned,
and displayed remarkably similar features during their excavation. Given the structure of the cities,
archaeologists suggest that there may have been a central authority for code enforcement and the
Harappan
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73. Compare And Contrast Indus River Valley Civilization
Although the Indus River Valley and Yellow River civilizations emerged close to the same time, and
upon the same continent, they didn't advance in the same way. While there are many similarities that
should have caused for relatable civilizations, the Indus River Valley civilization quickly advanced
with written records, ceramics, copper, an advanced sewer system, highly populated cities, and their
city was built in a grid like pattern. However, the Yellow River civilization had some advancements
like clay pottery, bronze and wooden tools, and silk clothing, but it doesn't appear to have made
fierce progress like the Indus River. This likely had to do with the rivers they developed by and
trade.
In continuation, a possible factor of the
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75. The Indus Valley Civilization ( 3300-1300 Bce ) Essay
Abstract
Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) was the one among the greatest early civilzation of
the Old World alongside the ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Wright 2009, Wright 2010), which
developed in South Asia along perennially flowing Indus and Ghaggar–Hakra ( also called as
Saraswati) river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan (Wright 2010, Giosan 2012, Maemoku
2013). Though least studies so far, emerging archeological studies suggest that the Indus Valley
(oftenly called Harappa) might have been most wide spread, extending across today's northwest
Pakistan deep into western India and carried probably more than five million people at its peak
(Kahn 2005, McIntosh 2008). Reduced water supply has possibly caused the civilization's demise
and eastward movement of its population (Madella 2006, MacDonald 2011, Brooke 2014) towards
the Gangetic plain after its decline (Possehl 1999; McIntosh 2002:11) giving rise to many
succeeding Vedic tradition linked cultures reinforced by reports of many religious artefacts of Hindu
practices from Indus Valley locations (Mishra 2001). The northwestern region of pre–partition India
was the centre for Indus Valley civilization and for the shift from hunting–gathering to the societies
with settled agriculture and domesticated animals (Allchin and Allchin 1997) well supported by
archeological discoveries of first agricultural occupation in the Indus basin near Mehrgarh (now in
Pakistan) and surrounding areas
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77. Social Classes Of Egypt And The Indus Valley Civilization
River Valley Civilizations
Being compared in this paper are the social classes, government and how nature was controlled by
the Egyptian and the Indus valley civilizations. The social class in Egypt was a lot different than the
social class in the Indus civilization. The Egypt civilization was located by the Nile river and had a
social class that was shaped like a pyramid. At the top were the Pharaohs then the farmers and next
were the laborers. People can move into higher social classes through marriage or merit and women
have many of the same rights as men. In the Indus valley civilization there are no great social
divisions. So as you can see social class was a lot more important to the Egypt civilization than it
was to the Indus valley ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To the Egyptians, kings are gods; Egyptian god kings are called pharaohs and the pharaohs control
religion, government, army and the well–being of the kingdom. Their government was based on
religious authority or theocracy. The power of the pharaohs declined about 2180 B.C.; end of the old
kingdom. And in the middle kingdom (2014 to 1640 B.C.) some pharaohs regained control. The
Indus River Valley Civilization is a Theocracy government. A theocracy is run by a priest so their
government and religion were combined. For the Indus River valley civilization karma played a big
role in their laws. They also had universal laws which were you are part of nature and nature is part
of you.
The Egyptian civilization was on the Nile River and so they built irrigation ditches to control water
and produce crops. They controlled nature in that way and they also built a cataract and a delta.
Those were used to control the water also. The Indus River Valley civilization built cities on mud–
brick platforms to protect against flood waters. That's a way of controlling nature that the Egyptian
civilization didn't think
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