Industrialism

This Slide is Making about industrialization period.

1. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories!

2. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)

3. Pre-Industrial Revolution Village life dominated – families were nearly self-sufficient Most villagers were farmers

4. Making Cloth Before Machines Cottage Industry Slow process Business involving people who worked at home

5. Causes of the Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and quantity of food Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation to get higher yields This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger = rapid growth in population Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process of taking over and consolidating land once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose) New technologies and new sources of energy and materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of power)

6. Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain Stable Government No wars Had capital (money) to invest in businesses Had overseas markets (colonial empire) Natural Resources Coal (energy for machines) Iron ore (for tools) Large network of rivers to move products Labor Supply Growing population Ready workforce New Technology Invention and improvement of steam engine

7. Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the United States

8. Enclosure One thing Led to Another Farmers gained pasture land for animals Raised more sheep Wool output increased Larger fields Able to cultivate product more efficiently Farm out-put increased Profits rose

9. Push Factors: Where did all the people go ? Fewer worker needed on the lands Farmers forced off their lands Small owners could not compete Villages shrank Cities grew – and GREW!! Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870. Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

10. Urbanization : the movement of people to cities Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly Urbanization Migration to Cities

11. How did Industrialization lead to Urbanization? People started to move close to their factory jobs. This movement led to bigger cities. Urbanization is an effect of Industrialization.

12. The Social Impacts of Industrialization: Factories The factories had a huge impact on the moving population Promise of Job Factory Towns Built in country side So many people New Lankark -cotton mill town Robert Owen*- Factory town owner; tried to make good conditions for workers because he thought if he treated them right then they would be good, rational, human people; against physical punishment; For education

13. The Social Impacts of Industrialization: Overpopulation So many jobs- so many people Strangers forced to live/ work together Cramped Disease Crime

14. First Major Industry to Form TEXTILE! The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. This raised a problem for the consumer because the products were at a higher cost. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.

15. Growth of Industry Growth of factories As demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning jenny) To house these new machines, manufacturers built the first factories New machines and factories increased production By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by coal and steam engines

16. Technology The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technology Which of these three inventions most changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

17. The Impact of the Railroad Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw materials, goods, and people moved Allowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too far

18. The factory system changed the world of work; Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized products, especially on assembly lines Mass production began in U.S. Elements: Interchangeable parts Assembly line Production and repair faster and more efficient Mass Production Dramatic increase in production Businesses charged less Affordable goods More repetitious jobs Soon became norm Effects Factories and Mass Production

19. Assembly Line Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the next A different person performs each task along the assembly line This division of labor made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods

20. First Assembly Line: Henry Ford - Automobiles

21. Where employees worked Major change from cottage industry Had to leave home to work (travel to cities) Life in factory towns Towns grew up around factories and coal mines Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness Rapid population growth Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings divided into apartments) Working in a factory No safety codes = dangerous work for all Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped) Long workdays (12-14 hours) Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages) Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day) Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of laborers Factories and Factory Towns

22. Conditions in Factories Dirty Cramped spaces Monotony Dangerous Machinery

23. Women and Child Labor Many women and children were employed in industry because they were the cheapest source of labor. Women and children worked in harsh conditions up to 14 hours a day. Families were dependent on the child’s income.

24. Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

25. Child Labor Young children Long hours Poor treatment Dangerous conditions

26. Life in Factory Towns Cramped Tenements Pollution Poor Sanitation Rapid Population Growth

27. Housing Tenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor Built cheaply Multiple stories No running water No toilet Sewer down the middle of street Trash thrown out into street Crowded (5+ people living in one room) Breeding grounds for diseases Pollution from factory smoke

28. The Social Impacts of Industrialization: Living-Problems Landlords build cheap Tenements Tenements= cheaply built, overcrowded, dirty Fetch water from outside wells Spread disease Food expensive Corn laws hurt Disease and problems Cholera and Typhoid now common Asthma and Tuberculosis Outside Black from soot Clothing dirty

29. Cont ’ d Problem Solving… fail Build chimneys higher so wind could carry pollution away Result in pollution spread further out More problems Mining is hurting ground Then… Bring toxic to surface Rain wash poison into river People have to drink the poison water Life expectancy was not high

30. Rise of Labor Unions Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

31. The Jungle Upton Sinclair Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working class and the corruption of the American meatpacking industry in the early 20 th Century Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power

32. Legislation Resulting from The Jungle Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary standards) Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests, labels on food products)

33. Large Gaps between Rich & Poor The “HAVES” Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution The “HAVE-NOTS” The Poor, The Over-Worked, and the Destitute

34. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

35. New Ways of Thinking: Economic Patterns Capitalism vs. Socialism

36. Capitalism Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit Free-market economy : decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors Profit goes to owners who invest in the business Wages are paid to workers employed by companies and businesses

37. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

38. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

39. Karl Marx: Communism Wrote: The Communist Manifesto , 1848 A response to the injustices of capitalism; argued that capitalism would produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction Communism = a political philosophy that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production and an end to private property “ Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis on greediness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure social, economic, and political equality for everyone.”

40. Capitalism vs. Communism Capitalism: an economic and social system in which capital is privately owned labor , goods and capital are traded in markets ; and profits distributed to owners or invested in technologies and industries . Communism: a social structure in which classes are abolished property is commonly controlled A dictatorship of the workers Capitalism “Re-Definitions” Communism “Re-Definitions”

41. How did industrialization change the way of life? Changes brought by industrialization Cities Living Conditions Working Conditions Class Tensions Factories Size ↑ No safety codes Sickness Long hours, Little pay Dangerous conditions Large gaps between the rich and the poor The rise of the middle class

42. Positive Effects Increased world productivity Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people) New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more technology/inventions) New inventions improved quality of life for many Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditions Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and factories New opportunities for women Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded Social structure becomes more flexible

43. Negative Effects: Factory Life Child labor used in factories & mines Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous (fingers, limbs, & lives lost) working conditions Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery Long working hours – six days a week, with little pay Rigid schedules ruled each day Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in factories Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories

44. Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing Issues Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent) Strikes take place Women were paid less than men (were actually preferred) Indentured workers Employers had a more impersonal relationship with employees Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread

45. Negative Effects: Worldwide Air pollution increased over cities and industrial areas Technological changes eroded the balance of power in Europe Contributed to the growth of imperialism and communism (Marx’s & Engels’ theories) Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a military advantage over developing nations

46. Not Necessarily Good or Bad The location of work places changed as more goods were produced away from the home environment (towns/factories) Educational systems emphasized more science, technology, and business A global economy began to emerge (trade)

47. How did Industrialization lead to Immigration? Workers from all over the world, but mostly Ireland, China, and Japan came to America looking for work/opportunity. America became a mix of many cultures.

48. How did Industrialization lead to Consumerism (Shopping)? Machines make things faster and cheaper. Steamboats, trains, and canals mean they are moved faster and cheaper. People can now buy more.