industry 4.0-Revolution-PowerPoint-Templates [Autosaved].pptx

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1. A PRESENTATION ON NUCLEAR POWER PLANT NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STATION, RAWATBHATA SUBMITED BY: KRATIK MEHTA SUBMITED TO: DR. MONIKA VERDIAYA

2. INTRODUCTION

3. NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation of India based in Mumbai. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), part of the Ministry of Science and Technology. NPCIL was created in September 1987 as public limited company under the Companies Act 1956, "with the objective of undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act 1962." All nuclear power plants operated by the company are certified for ISO-14001 (Environment Management System). NPCIL is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of nuclear power reactors. Atomic Energy Act, 1962. NPCIL has also equity participation in BHAVINI, an organization formed for implementation for Fast Breeder Reactors programme in the country

4. RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STATION RR SITE Rawatbhata remote town in Chittorgarh district about 64 KMs, from Kota, an industrial city of Rajasthan. The land selected is in between Rana Pratap Sagar Dam &Gandhi Sagar Dam at the right bank of Chambal River. There are Eight PHWR units Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS 1) (100 MWe ) PHWR completely defueled and maintained under dry preservation Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS 2) (200 MWe ) under operation Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS 3 & 4) (2 x 220 MWe PHWR) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS 5 & 6) (2 x 220 MWe PHWR) Rajasthan Atomic Power Project (RAPP 7 & 8) (2 x 700 MWe PHWR)(Under construction)

5. NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR GENERATION

6. FUSION AND FISSION Fission and fusion are two physical processes that produce massive amounts of energy from atoms. They yield millions of times more energy than other sources through nuclear reactions. Fission occurs when a neutron slams into a larger atom, forcing it to excite and spilt into two smaller atoms—also known as fission products. Additional neutrons are also released that can initiate a chain reaction. Fusion occurs when two atoms slam together to form a heavier atom, like when two hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom.

7. NUCLEAR REACTORS

8. What Is A Nuclear Reactor? A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained nuclear chain reactions. Reactors are used for generating electricity, moving aircraft carriers and submarines, producing medical isotopes for imaging and cancer treatment, and for conducting research. Fuel, made up of heavy atoms that split when they absorb neutrons, is placed into the reactor vessel (basically a large tank) along with a small neutron source. The neutrons start a chain reaction where each atom that splits releases more neutrons that cause other atoms to split. Each time an atom splits, it releases large amounts of energy in the form of heat. The heat is carried out of the reactor by coolant, which is most commonly just plain water. The coolant heats up and goes off to a turbine to spin a generator or drive shaft.

9. The core  of the reactor contains all of the nuclear fuel and generates all of the heat. It contains low- enriched  uranium (<5% U-235), control systems, and structural materials. The core can contain hundreds of thousands of individual fuel pins. The coolant  is the material that passes through the core, transferring the heat from the fuel to a turbine. It could be water, heavy-water, liquid sodium, helium, or something else. In the US fleet of power reactors, water is the standard. The turbine  transfers the heat from the coolant to electricity, just like in a fossil-fuel plant. The containment  is the structure that separates the reactor from the environment. These are usually dome-shaped, made of high-density, steel-reinforced concrete. Chernobyl did not have a containment to speak of. Cooling towers  are needed by some plants to dump the excess heat that cannot be converted to energy due to the laws of thermodynamics. These are the hyperbolic icons of nuclear energy. They emit only clean water vapor. Main components

10. The image above shows a nuclear reactor heating up water and spinning a generator to produce electricity. It captures the essence of the system well. The water coming into the condenser and then going right back out would be water from a river, lake, or ocean. It goes out the cooling towers. As you can see, this water does not go near the radioactivity, which is in the reactor vessel.

11. Control rods Fuel rods

12. Control rods are an important safety system of nuclear reactors. Their prompt action and prompt response of the reactor is indispencable . Control rods are used for maintaining the desired state of  fission reactions  within a  nuclear reactor  (i.e. subcritical state, critical state, power changes) They constitute a key component of an emergency shutdown system (SCRAM). Control rods are rods, plates, or tubes containing a neutron absorbing material (material with high absorbtion   cross-section  for thermal neutron) such as  boron , hafnium,  cadmium , etc., used to control the power of a nuclear reactor. By absorbing neutrons, a control rod prevents the  neutrons  from causing further fissions. A control rod is removed from or inserted into the  reactor core  in order to increase or decrease the reactivity of the reactor (increase or decrease the neutron flux). By the changes of the reactivity the changes of neutron power are performed. This in turn affects the thermal power of the reactor, the amount of steam produced, and hence the electricity generated. Control Rods

13. Single pellet of uranium Fuel assembly

14. Fuel core This is a full core, made up of several hundred assemblies.

15. Types of Reactors

16. In terms of purpose, they are either research reactors or power reactors. Research reactors  are operated at universities and research centres in many countries, including some where no nuclear power reactors are operated. These reactors generate neutrons for multiple purposes, including producing radiopharmaceuticals for medical diagnosis and therapy, testing materials and conducting basic research. Power reactors  are usually found in nuclear power plants. Dedicated to generating heat mainly for electricity production, they are operated in more than 30 countries (see Nuclear Power Reactors). Their lesser uses are drinking water or district water production. In the form of smaller units, they also power ships. Differentiating nuclear reactors according to their design features is especially pertinent when referring to nuclear power reactors (see Types of Nuclear Power Reactors).

17. Infographic Style Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor Molten Salt Reactor Pressurized Water Reactor Boiling Water Reactor Canada Deuterium-Uranium Reactors (CANDU)

18. The CANDU reactor design (or PHWR – Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) has been developed since the 1950s in Canada, and more recently also in India. These reactors are heavy water cooled and moderated pressurized water reactors. Instead of using a single large reactor vessel as in a PWR or BWR, the nuclear core is contained in hundreds of pressure tubes. PHWRs generally use natural uranium (0.7% U-235) oxide as fuel, hence needs a more efficient  moderator , in this case heavy water (D2O). The reactor core  is in a large tank called a calandria. There is a heavy water as the  moderator  in this tank. The calandria is penetrated by several hundred horizontal pressure tubes. These tubes  form channels for the fuel Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

19. A PWR has fuel assemblies of 200-300 rods each, arranged vertically in the core, and a large reactor would have about 150-250 fuel assemblies with 80-100 tonnes of uranium. Water in the reactor core reaches about 325°C, hence it must be kept under about 150 times atmospheric pressure to prevent it boiling. Pressure is maintained by steam in a pressuriser (see diagram). In the primary cooling circuit the water is also the moderator, and if any of it turned to steam the fission reaction would slow down. This negative feedback effect is one of the safety features of the type. The secondary shutdown system involves adding boron to the primary circuit. The secondary circuit is under less pressure and the water here boils in the heat exchangers which are thus steam generators. The steam drives the turbine to produce electricity, and is then condensed and returned to the heat exchangers in contact with the primary circuit. Pressurized Water Reactor

20. This design has many similarities to the PWR, except that there is only a single circuit in which the water is at lower pressure (about 75 times atmospheric pressure) so that it boils in the core at about 285°C. The steam passes through drier plates (steam separators) above the core and then directly to the turbines, which are thus part of the reactor circuit. Since the water around the core of a reactor is always contaminated with traces of radionuclides, it means that the turbine must be shielded and radiological protection provided during maintenance. A BWR fuel assembly comprises 90-100 fuel rods, and there are up to 750 assemblies in a reactor core, holding up to 140 tonnes of uranium. The secondary control system involves restricting water flow through the core so that more steam in the top part reduces moderation. Boiling Water Reactor

21. List of nuclear power plants in india

22. Thank You