Infection control and prevention, Nosocomial infection & universal precautions.pptx

An infection is the successful invasion of an organism to body tissue by disease causing agents, their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines Universal Precautions as “a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other blood borne pathogens when providing first aid health care.”

Hospital Acquired Infection/ Nosocomial Infection also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission.

1. Infection control and prevention Nosocomial infection Universal precautions Prepared by Md Rahat Ul Azam Nursing Instructor Rangpur Nursing College Rangpur

2. Infection An infection is a condition resulting from the invasion and growth of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, in the body.

3.   Symptoms of an infection Fever Fatigue Pain or discomfort Swelling Redness and warmth Cough Shortness of breath Sore throat Rash Nausea, Vomiting or Diarrhoea Muscle and joint pain Change in appetite

4. Infection prevention

5. Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) According to “WHO” infection prevention and control ( IPC ) is a scientific approach and practical solution designed to prevent harm caused by infection to patients and health workers .

6. The 5 pillars of infection control Isolation and barrier precaution Decontamination of equipment's Prudent use of antibiotics Hand hygiene Decontamination of environments

7. Chain of Infection

8. Chain of Infection Infectious agent (pathogen) Reservoir Portal of exit from the reservoir Portal of entry into a host Susceptible host Mode of transmission

9. Agent An infectious agent is a microorganism with the ability to cause an infectious disease. Infectious agents are bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites

10. Reservoir Reservoirs are a place within which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce . Animate reservoirs include people, insects, birds, and other animals. Inanimate reservoirs include soil, water, food, feces, intravenous fluid, and equipment.

11. Portal of exit Portal of exit is the path by which micro-organisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection . portal of exit can include blood, respiratory secretions, and anything exiting from the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts.

12. Portal of entry A portal of entry is the site through which micro-organisms enter the susceptible host and cause disease/infection . Infectious agents enter the body through various portals, including the mucous membranes, the skin, the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts.

13. Susceptible host A host (also called the susceptible host) is a person who is susceptible to the disease, lacking immunity or physical resistance, to overcome invasion by the microorganism.

14. Mode of Transmission of disease Direct Contact This occurs when an infected person comes into physical contact with a susceptible person. It includes touching, kissing, and sexual contact.

15. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Indirect Contact In this mode, a person becomes infected by touching surfaces or objects contaminated with pathogens.

16. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Airborne Transmission Pathogens can become airborne when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Diseases like tuberculosis, and the flu can spread through airborne transmission.

17. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Droplet Transmission Similar to airborne transmission, but the infectious respiratory droplets are larger and tend to travel shorter distances. Diseases like COVID-19, the flu, and bacterial meningitis can be transmitted through respiratory droplets.

18. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Vector-Borne Transmission Vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas can carry pathogens from infected hosts to humans.

19. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Fecal-Oral Transmission Pathogens in feces can be ingested by a person through contaminated food, water, or hands.

20. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Blood-borne Transmission Infections can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or blood products.

21. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Perinatal Transmission Some diseases can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

22. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Zoonotic Transmission Diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans.

23. Mode of Transmission of disease continue.. Foodborne Transmission Pathogens can contaminate food and water, leading to diseases when consumed. Salmonella and E. coli are examples of pathogens responsible for foodborne illnesses .

24. Universal precautions The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines Universal Precautions as “ a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other blood borne pathogens when providing first aid health care.”

25. Elements for Standard Precautions 7 Elements for standard precautions include - Hand hygiene Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette Personal protective equipment (PPE )

26.   Elements for Standard Precautions continue.. Safe injection practice, sharps management and injury prevention. Safe handling, cleaning and disinfection of patient care environment Decontaminate environmental surfaces Waste management and disposal

27. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE ) Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to wearable equipment that is designed to protect healthcare personnel from exposure to or contact with infectious agents. These include gloves, face masks, protective eye wear, face shields, and protective clothing

28. Types of PPE used in health care settings Gloves -protect hands Gowns/aprons-protect skin and or clothing Masks-protect mouth/nose Goggles-protect eyes Face shield –protect face, mouth, nose and eyes.

29. HAND HYGIENE Hand hygiene means cleaning hand by using either soap-water or antiseptic hand rub

30. Moments of Hand Hygiene

31. Nosocomial Infection

32. Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI)/ Nosocomial Infection Hospital Acquired Infection/ Nosocomial Infection also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission.

33. Characteristics of HAIs For HAIs, the infection must occur: Upto 48 hours after hospital admission Upto 3 days after discharge Upto 30 days after an surgical operation

34. Rise in HAIs as a result of four factors Crowded hospital conditions New microorganism Increasing number of people with compromised immune system Increasing bacterial resistance ( AMR)

35. Common examples of nosocomial infections include: Surgical Site Infections Urinary Tract Infections Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections: Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Clostridium difficile Infection

36. Common examples of nosocomial infections include: continue… Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections Bloodstream Infections Gastrointestinal Infections Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Respiratory Infections

37. Impact of nosocomial infection Increased Patient Morbidity and Mortality Financial Burden Antibiotic Resistance Strain (Scarcity) on Healthcare Resources Impact on Healthcare Quality

38. Impact of nosocomial infection continue.. Long-Term Health Effects Patient Anxiety and Stress Increased Hospital Readmissions Impact on Healthcare Workers Legal and Ethical Concerns

39. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection Hand Hygiene Nurses should adhere to proper hand hygiene protocols, including washing hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer, to reduce the transmission of pathogens.

40. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Infection Control Measures - implement and monitor infection control measures.

41. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Patient Education - educate patients and their families on infection prevention, including proper hand washing, respiratory hygiene, and the importance of vaccinations.

42. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Surveillance and reporting - actively monitor patients for signs of infection and promptly report any unusual occurrences to the healthcare team.

43. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Personal Protective Equipment -use of PPE , such as gloves, masks, gowns, and goggles, when necessary to protect themselves and patients from infection.

44. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Proper Catheter Care - ensure the correct insertion, maintenance, and removal of catheters to minimize the risk of urinary tract infections.

45. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Medication Ad ministration - follow sterile techniques when administering medications and intravenous therapies.

46. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Environmental Control -maintain a clean and hygienic patient environment

47. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Vaccination - encourage and administer vaccinations to patients to prevent vaccine-preventable infections.

48. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Antibiotic Stewardship -promoting responsible antibiotic use to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant infections.

49. Role of nurses in prevention of Nosocomial infection continue.. Compliance with Protocols -Following hospital and department-specific infection control policies and protocols