INFECTION CONTROL IN CLINICAL SETTING.pptx

in this ppt contect avalible for the nursing student in G.N.M., B.Sc Nursing. post Basic nursing for guideance in nursing foundation subject for the help to gain knoweldge, rigarding the introdution, types, & prevention regarding the infection in the clinical sector.

1. INFECTION CONTROL IN CLINICAL SETTING BY: RINKAL PATEL

2. DEFITION The infection can be defined as the entry of germs in the body of an individual followed by the multiplication of the same leading to the formation of specific or non specific reaction by the body with or without any clinical symptoms and/ or disease.

3. TYPES OF INFECTION Primary:- Initial infection with a parasite Secondary :- primary infection lowers the resistance of the host and later gets infection with another microorganisms. Reinfection:- subsequent infection with the same organism Cross:- patient suffering from a disease and new infection is set up from another source

4. Nosocomial:- cross infection occurring in hospitals Iatrogenic or physician induced:- infection is acquired during therapeutic or investigative procedures Focal:- infection at localized site like appendix and tonsils, general effects are produced Subclinical:- clinical symptoms of an infection are not apparent.

5. Local:- invading microorganism are limited to a relatively small area of the body Systematic:- microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph Mixed:- two or more microbes infecting same tissues Acute:- have a short duration

6. Chronic:- Have a long duration Pyrogenic :- pus formation Fulminating:- Occur suddenly and with severe intensity Latent:- parasite after infection, remains in a latent or hidden form & produces clinical diseases when the host resistance is lowered

7. MODE OF DIEASE TRANSMISSION:- Communicable disease may be transmitted from the reservoir or source of infections to a susceptible individual in many different ways, depending upon the infections agents, portal of entry and the local ecological conditions.

8. 1. Direct contact:- Infect may be transmitted by direct contact from skin to skin, mucosa to mucosa or mucosal to skin of the same or another perspon .

9. 2. Droplet infection:- Droplet infection occurs to contact transmission by infections agents contained in most respiratory secretions

10. 3. Contact with soil:- Infectious agent are present in soil can cause disease, when the host comes in the contact with soil.

11. 4. Inoculation into skin or mucosed : The disease agent may: be inoculated directly into the skin or mucosa, Transmission of infection an infection after dog bite.

12. 5. transplacental (vertical):- Transmission of infectious agent can occur transplacentally.

13. CHAIN OF INFECTION an infection will develop if this chain remains intact. Nurses use infection prevention and control practices to break the chain so that infection will not develop.

14. 1. Infectious agent:- Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. They are common infectious agents. The potential for microorganism or parasites to cause disease depends on the following factors: Sufficient number of organism Virulence or ability to produce disease Ability to enter and survive to the host Susceptibility of host.

15. 2. reservoir:- A reservoir is where a pathogen can survive. Skin of patients, carriers, animals, food, water insects, and inanimate objects are common reservoirs of infection.

16. 3. Portal of exist:- Microorganism can enter through a variety of sites such as skin and mucous membrane, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract and blood.

17. 4. Mode of transmission:- Direct contact or indirect contact with infected source, contaminated air, water, blood, food, flies, mosquito are the common modes of transmission to infection. Major mode of transmission of microorganisms occurs in the hands of the health care providers.

18. 5. Portal of entry:- Organisms can enter the body through skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract & blood.

19. 6. Susceptible host:- Whether a person acquires an infection depends on susceptibility to an infectious agent. Susceptibility depends on the individual degree of resistance to a pathogen. The susceptibility of host depends upon the virulence of microorganisms and immune status of the host.

20. STAGES OF INFECTIONS:- Incubation period:- Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms. ex:- common cold 1-2 days. Prodromal stage:- Interval from onset of non-specific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms. During this time, microorganisms grow and multiply and patient is more capable of spreading disease to other.

21. Illness stage:- interval when patient manifests sign & symptoms specific to particular disease. Ex. : common cold: sore throat, rhinitis, high fever, parotid and salivary gland swelling. The severity of patient’s illness depends on the extent of infection, the pathogenicity of the microorganisms and susceptibility of individuals. Convalescence:- interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear unit the individual regain his normal health. Length of recovery depends on severity of infection and patient’s general health status. Recovery may take several days to months.

22. FACTORS INFLUENNG THE RISK OF INFECTION Risk of infection depends upon many factors, like host susceptibility, which is further influenced by certain factors like:-

23. Age:- In newborns and in older people there is less immune defence to fight against infection, so they are at risk of getting infection. Immature immune system is one of the major cause of death in the newborns. In older people, the immune system become weak so they are more susceptible fro getting infections.

24. Nutrition:- Adequate nutrition is required to fight with infections. The ability to synthesis the protein depends upon the adequate nutrition, the reason behind this is antibodies protein.

25. Medications:- Some medications like anticancer drug increase the risk for infection, because they suppress the bone marrow, which in the turn reduce the function of white blood cells (WBCs), which helps to fight against infections.

26. Comorbid diseases condition:- Certain disease conditions decrease or weaken the immune system. Ex:- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

27. Genetic factor:- Some persons have genetic factors that predispose the patient for infections. Like some patient have immunoglobulin deficiency mechanism and make the person susceptible for infections.

28. Neutropenia:- Neutropenia means decreases in the WBC count. As white cells fight against infections, as the number of WBCs decrease the person becomes more susceptible for infection.

29. BODY DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTIONS Whenever the infectious agent enters in the body tissues, persons have defense mechanism, which protects the person from infections. The person has two types of response nonspecific and specific defence.

30. Nonspecific Defences Anatomical & physiological barriers:- Normal skin and mucous membranes act as the first barrier against microorganisms unless it is non-infect or broken. Skin acts as an effective barrier against certain bacteria.

31. Inflammatory responses:- inflammatory responses occur in response to the injurious or infectious agent. This is a defensive mechanism that eliminate or dilute the injurious agent. They also prevent the future spread of the injury and encourage the repair of the damaged tissues.

32. The person has the following signs & symptoms in response to inflammatory response, which includes pain, swelling, redness, heat over the area when the injury is severe. Injurious agent can be: Physical agent Chemical agent microorganism

33. Specific Defense It involves the immune system reaction in response to an infectious agent. The immune system reacts in two way:

34. Antibody mediated before defence mechanism This is also known as humoral immunity. There are two types of immunity-active & passive one. In active immunity the person produces antibodies in response to a natural antigen like microorganisms and artificial antigen like vaccines. The B cells become active when they identify the antigen. B cells divide into plasma cells, which secrete proteins and antibodies. These antibodies will bind to the antigens and dose an elimination response. In passive immunity the person develops a natural or artificial antibody.

35. Cell-mediated defence mechanism:- This is also known as cellular immunity, which comes through T cells. When person is exposed to the antigen then activated T cells are released by the lymphoid tissues to lymph system. There are three main types of T cells which includes helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells. When cell-mediated immune defence deficiency virus then person is at more risk of developing the infections.