Infection Revision PP - Weeks 2 (Second Half) - Week 3 (Full) FINAL.pdf

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1. MCQ –Weeks 2 (2
nd
part)
& 3
Welcome back.
Please wait for the session to start.
As usual, rules, so this session works for everyone ☺:
-Mics off.
-No long questions/explanations in the first hour, MCQ section.
-After the first hour, you can leave or stay for some general revision.

2. There are 20 questions total.
In question sets of 4–5 sets -, you ‘fight’ Pokemongym
leaders to try and get as many Pokemonas you can.
If you get 2/3of the first 3, you’ve won the battle.
If you get 1, you get one redemption question
(but everyone’s going to try this question either way).
Are you ready to see your first opponent & Pokemon?
You will be collecting Pokemon today!
You will try to get 5 in total
by ‘fighting’ 5 different gym leaders.
PS – I know basically nothing about Pokemon…
CBL Case 2.
L2.5/2.6 – Stats.
L2.7 – Clinical
microbiology.
L2.8 – GI pathogens.
TEL2.10 – Sequencing.
L3.1/3.2 – Pandemics.
L3.3 – Virology.
L3.6 – Emerging
bacterial pathogens.
L3.9/3.10 – Immunology.
L3.11 – Flu & viral
potentials.
NOT 3.4/3.5 – key PH organisms.
3.8 – PCR.
Tragic lectures.

3. No chance
you’re
getting
past my
minion
memes.
This gym leader. For this pokemon.
This gym
(arena).

4. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (L3.11)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is true about avian influenzas?
Typically H1 or H5
antigens.
Bind α2,6-linked sialic
acid in bird cells.
They can undergo
reassortment with
human influenzas
H5N1 loses its polybasic
site upon human infection
1 of 3 for:
Pikachu.

5. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (L3.11)
The answer to the question…
What is true about avian influenzas?
Typically, H1 or H5
antigens.
Bind α2,6-linked sialic
acids in bird cells.
They can undergo
reassortment with
human influenzas
H5N1 loses its polybasic
site upon human infection
1 of 3 for:
Pikachu.
A- No, most typically H5 or H7.
B- No, it’s α2,3-linked sialic acids.
C- Correct – this makes them more likely to infect humans & not be
recognised by the immune system.
D- No, it keep its polybasic site – means it can still be cleaved by
many different types of protease-> more widespread disease.

6. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (L3.9)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is not true about T or B cells?
B cells activate T cells
in adaptive immunity.
T-cell receptors are not
released from T cells.
B-cell receptors can
undergo antibody functions.
2 of 3 for:
Pikachu.
B and T cells can turn into
memory cells.

7. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (L3.9)
The answer to the question…
What is not true about T or B cells?
B cells activate T cells
in adaptive immunity.
T-cell receptors are not
released from T cells.
B-cell receptors can
undergo antibody functions.
2 of 3 for:
Pikachu.
B and T cells can turn into
memory cells.
A- Correct, T (helper or CD4+) cells activated by APCs. T helper
cells can activate B cells.
B- Yes.
C- Yes, unlike B-cell receptors.
D- Yes, these functions include neytralisation and opsonisation.

8. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (L3.6)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is true about anthrax-causing bacteria?
Anthrax is caused by
Bacillus cereus.
The capsule in anthrax
is eaten by
phagocytes.
The axtA gene on pXO1
regulates anthrax toxins and
the capsule genes.
The anthrax toxin is
encoded on pX02 with the
capsule.
3 of 3 for:
Pikachu.

9. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (L3.6)
The answer to the question…
What is true about anthrax-causing bacteria?
Anthrax is caused by
Bacillus cereus.
The capsule in anthrax
is eaten by
phagocytes.
The axtA gene on pXO1
regulates anthrax toxins and
the capsule genes.
The anthrax toxin is
encoded on pX02, as is
the capsule.
3 of 3 for:
Pikachu.
A- Wtong, T (helper or CD4+) cells activated by APCs. T helper cells can
activate B cells.
B- Wrong, it is an anti-phagocytic capsule-> virulence.
C- Yes, unlike B-cell receptors, useful in mammals unlike plCR (insects).
D- Mo, anthrax toxin encoded on pX01 with axtA. Only capsule on px02.

10. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan
If you got 2 right, Pikachu is yours.
If you got 1 right, I’ll let you try and
get Pikachu if you get this next one right.

11. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (TEL 2.10)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is not true about longer-read HTS.
*HTS = high-throughput sequencing.
Oxford nano-pore &
Pacbio are examples.
Higher accuracy per read
vs short-read HTS.
Full length transcripts are
generated without gene
fragmentation.
Handles complex genomic
regions like repetitive regions
better vs short-read HTS.
Redemption question for:
Pikachu.

12. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan (TEL 2.10)
The answer to the question…
What is not true about longer-read HTS.
*HTS = high-throughput sequencing.
Oxford nano-pore &
Pacbio are examples.
Higher accuracy per read
vs short-read HTS.
Full length transcripts are
generated without gene
fragmentation.
Handles complex genomic
regions like repetitive regions
better vs short-read HTS.
Redemption questionfor:
Pikachu.
B- Yes, and Ion Torrent/Illumina are short-read HTS technologies.
B- Correct, this is called higher sequence fidelity (more accuracy).
C- Yes, unlike short-read HTS, relying on overlapping shorter
sequences to get the whole genetic sequence.
D- Yes, you don’t need a gene assembler which can sometimes miss
out regions like regions with regions/flanking regions.

13. You are challenged by
Leader Farhan
If you got this one wrong and haven’t
got Pikachu yet, you’re outta luck…

14. I’m
baaaaaack.
This gym leader. For this pokemon.
This gym
(arena).

15. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.3)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is correct in terms of viruses being able
to enter/reproduce in cells?
Permissive cells – cells have
a functional receptor,
viruses can enter.
Persistent infections – occur
when viruses remain in cells
and cause no harm.
Resistant cells – cells have
no functional receptor,
viruses can’t enter.
Latent infection –
viruses slowly release
from cells & cause harm.
1 of 3 for:
Charizard.

16. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.3)
The answer to the question…
What is correct in terms of viruses being able
to enter/reproduce in cells?
Permissive cells – cells have
a functional receptor,
viruses can enter.
Persistent infections – occur
when viruses remain in cells
and cause no harm.
Resistant cells – cells have
no functional receptor,
viruses can’t enter.
Latent infection –
viruses slowly release
from cells & cause harm.
1 of 3 for:
Charizard.
B- No, this describes susceptible cells. Permissive cells let viruses
replicate inside of them, regardless of whether they can enter.
B- No, viruses are slow released from cells.
C- Correct.
D- No, viruses remain within cells, causing no harm.

17. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.2)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is not a population-based intervention
for COVID?
Vaccination programmes.
Using face masks to reduce
spread.
Closing hospitality, schools,
workplaces/
Medical treatment inc.
antivirals.
2 of 3 for:
Charizard.

18. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.2)
The answer to the question…
What is not a population-based intervention
for COVID?
Vaccination programmes.
Using face masks to reduce
spread.
Closing hospitality, schools,
workplaces.
Medical treatment inc.
antivirals.
2 of 3 for:
Charizard.
B- Yes, reduces transmission, protects public.
B- Yes, reduces transmission, protects public.
C- Yes, reduces transmission, protects public.
D- Correct. Care-based intervention like O2 therapy, antibody therapy.

19. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.2)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is the most likely to be statistically
significant?
Odds ratio = 1.5 (95% CI =
0.9-2.3)
Odds ratio = 2.0 (95% CI =
1.3-3.1)
Odds ratio = 27 (95% CI =
1-29)
Odds ratio = 1.1 (95% CI
= 0.8-1.1)
3 of 3 for:
Charizard.

20. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.2)
The answer to the question…
Which is the most likely to be statistically
significant?
Odds ratio = 1.5 (95% CI =
0.9-2.3)
Odds ratio = 2.0 (95% CI =
1.3-2.1)
Odds ratio = 27 (95% CI =
1-29)
Odds ratio = 1.1 (95% CI
= 0.8-1.1)
3 of 3 for:
Charizard.
A- No, CI includes 1.
B- Correct. CI doesn’t include 1 and has a narrow range.
C- No, CI includes 1 and is massive.
D- No, CI includes 1, despite CI being in a narrow range.

21. You are challenged by
Leader Leda
If you got 2 right, Charizard is yours.
If you got 1 right, I’ll let you try and get
Charizard if you get this next one right.

22. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.1)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is these terms is NOT part of the
epidemiological triad:
Environment. Agent.
Time. Host.
Redemption questionfor:
Charizard.

23. You are challenged by
Leader Leda (L3.1)
The answer to the question…
Which is these terms is NOT part of the
epidemiological triad:
Environment. Agent.
Time. Host.
Redemption questionfor:
Charizard.
A- Yes, ecological conditions favouring host-agent interactions.
B – Yes, organism producing infection.
C- Correct – not in the triad (but key part of descriptive epidemiology).
D- Yes, organism affording subsistence/lodgement to infectious agent.
^NOTE: in the middle of the triad, there is the word disease.

24. You are challenged by
Leader Leda
If you got this one wrong and haven’t
got Charizard yet, you’re outta luck…

25. This is
going to be
a long one
but I know
you can get
through it.
This gym leader. For this pokemon.
HMS Student Hollie
This gym
(arena).

26. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L2.7)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is not true about microbial typing
Typing is when a microbiologist
aims to classify different species
of bacteria from a source.
Whole Genoming Sequencing has
the best resolution and it
allows you to type effectively.
Used to track hospital
outbreaks of anti-biotic
resistant bacteria.
Pulsed field electrophoresis
separates an isolate’s DNA by
size and compares it to a
reference - use is declining.
1 of 3 for:
Eevie.

27. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L2.7)
The answer to the question…
What is not true about microbial typing
Typing is when a microbiologist
aims to classify different species
of bacteria from a source.
Whole Genoming Sequencing has
the best resolution and it
allows you to type effectively.
Used to track hospital
outbreaks of anti-biotic
resistant bacteria.
Pulsed field electrophoresis
separates an isolate’s DNA by
size and compares it to a
reference - used is declining.
1 of 3 for:
Eevie.
A- Correct, Classify strains of the same bacteria from a strain/source.
B- Yes, newest technology ☺
C- Yes, it is crucial for this.
D- Yes, being replaced by WGS etc.

28. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L3.3)
It’s your move. Your question is:
What is true about the history of identifying
viruses
The Chamberlain filter allowed
scientists to find out that
viruses weren’t toxins.
The Electron Microscope allowed
us to see whether viruses has a
nucleic acid genome.
Hershey-Chase experiment
proved that labelled proteins
were found in new phages.
The fact that some organisms
infecting plants seemed
smaller than bacteria began
research on viruses.
2 of 3 for:
Eevie.

29. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L3.3)
The answer to the question…
What is true about the history of identifying
viruses
The Chamberlain filter allowed
scientists to find out that
viruses weren’t toxins.
The Electron Microscope allowed
us to see whether viruses has a
nucleic acid genome.
Hershey-Chase experiment
proved that labelled proteins
were found in new phages.
The fact that whatever was
infecting some plants seemed
smaller than bacteria began
research on viruses.
2 of 3 for:
Eevie.
A- No, proved that viruses were smaller than bacteria.
B- No, it allowed for visualisation of structures but not inside nuclei.
C- No, the radioactive DNA is what was found in new phages.
D- Correct, whatever infecting tobacco passed through the Chamberlain
filter, proving it wasn’t a bacterium.

30. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L2.8)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which of these GI pathogens is a parasite?
Vibrio. Shigella.
Cryptosporidiosis. Listeria.
3 of 3 for:
Eevie.

31. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L2.8)
The answer to the question…
Which of these GI pathogens is a parasite?
Hepatitis. Shigella.
Cryptosporidiosis. Listeria.
3 of 3 for:
Eevie.
A- No, virus.
B- No, bacteria.
C- Correct, a parasite – other GI parasites include amoebiasis,
giardiasis.
D - No, bacteria.

32. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie
If you got 2 right, Eevie is yours.
If you got 1 right, I’ll let you try and
get Eevie if you get this next one right.

33. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L3.10)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is not a key part about autoimmunity.
Chronic inflammation due to a
sustained immune response.
Immunosuppressants to
stimulate inflammation to remove
pathogenic trigger.
Initiation by pathogen or cell
damage.
Cross-reactivity with self-
antigens.
Redemption question for:
Eevie.

34. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie (L3.10)
The answer to the question…
Which is not a key part about autoimmunity.
Chronic inflammation due to a
sustained immune response.
Immunosuppressants to
stimulate inflammation to remove
pathogenic trigger.
Initiation by pathogen or cell
damage.
Cross-reactivity with self-
antigens.
Redemption question for:
Eevie.
A- Yes, +ve feedback loop infact.
B- Correct, they decreased inflammation as do monoclonal antibodies
like anti-TNF(alpha), corticosteroids and anti IL-6/12. Other
treatments like CTLA-4 inhibit T cell activation.
C – Yes.
D – Yes the self-antigen is mistaken for the insult/pathogen.

35. You are challenged by
Leader Hollie
If you got this one wrong and haven’t
got Eevie yet, you’re outta luck…

36. Why are you
out of CBL
so early???
This gym leader. For this pokemon.
HMS Student Dawn
This gym (arena)

37. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (L2.6)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is true in terms of statistics.
A low p-value value won’t help
you state whether an association
is statistically significant.
P-value are independent of
effect size & sample size.
Multivariate analysis is when
you look at a few variables in
isolation and see their effect
on the outcome.
Multi-variate analysis helps
you find which variables are
associated with an outcome,
considering confounders
1 of 3 for:
Lucario

38. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (L2.6)
The answer to the question…
Which is true in terms of statistics.
A low p-value value won’t help
you state whether an association
is statistically significant.
P-value are independent of
effect size & sample size.
Multivariate analysis is when
you look at a few variables in
isolation and see their effect
on the outcome.
Multi-variate analysis helps
you find which variables are
associated with an outcome,
considering confounders
1 of 3 for:
Lucario
A- No, this does help you, <p0.05 = association is likely to be real and
you can reject null hypothesis.
B – No, they are dependent on effect & sample size..
C – No, you look at the variables simultaneously-> adjusted odds ratio.
D- Correct, it makes use of regression.

39. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (TEL2.10)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is true about sequencing.
A large amount of ddNTPs are
added to synthesise the
complementary strand.
Sanger sequencing helped a lot
in the Human Genome Project.
Sanger sequencing is a HTS
(high-throughput sequencing)
technique.
Modern Sanger still widely uses
autoradiograms & gel
electrophoresis.
2 of 3 for:
Lucario

40. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (TEL2.10)
The answer to the question…
Which is true about Sanger sequencing.
A large amount of ddNTPs are
added to synthesise the
complementary strand.
Sanger sequencing helped a lot
in the Human Genome Project.
Sanger sequencing is a HTS
(high-throughput sequencing)
technique.
Modern Sanger still widely uses
autoradiograms & gel
electrophoresis.
2 of 3 for:
Lucario
A- No, large amount of d NTPs, ddNTP are chain terminating only (thus few).
B- Correct, it was instrumental as other tech hadn’t been invented.
C – No.
D – No, uses fluorescence, capillary electrophoresis.

41. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (L3.1)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which describes an outbreak spreading to a big
geographical area, but isn’t considered global.
Cluster. Outbreak.
Epidemic.
Pandemic.
3 of 3 for:
Lucario

42. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (L3.1)
The answer to the question…
Which describes an outbreak spreading to a big
geographical area, but isn’t considered global.
Cluster. Outbreak.
Epidemic.
Pandemic.
3 of 3 for:
Lucario
A- No, not the right scale.
B – No, 2+ cases linked in time & space.
C - Correct, it was instrumental as other tech hadn’t been invented.
D – No, global spread.

43. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn
If you got 2 right, Lucario is yours.
If you got 1 right, I’ll let you try and get
Lucario if you get this next one right.

44. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (L3.11)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is not a factor increasing the chance of a
new pandemic.
High level of biodiversity.
Pathogens with high mutation
rates.
Deforestation.
Sparse human populations.
Redemption question for:
Lucario

45. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn (L3.11)
The answer to the question…
Which is not a factor increasing the chance of a
new pandemic.
High level of biodiversity.
Pathogens with high mutation
rates.
Deforestation.
Sparse human populations.
Redemption question for:
Lucario
A- No, increases human-pathogenic wild life interaction.
B – Yes, increased chance it will jump to humans.
C – Yes, increases human-pathogenic wild life interaction.
D - Correct, it was instrumental as other tech hadn’t been invented.

46. You are challenged by
Leader Dawn.
If you got this one wrong and haven’t
got Lucario yet, you’re outta luck…

47. rrrright?This elite, godly gym leader. For this pokemon.
HMS Student surangi
This gym
(arena)

48. You are challenged by
Leader surangi (L2.6)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is true in terms of the influenza life
cycle.
Viral polymerase is very
accurate, beneficial as this
reduces mutations.
NA fuses viruses to siliac acid,
allowing virus to infect other
cells.
RNA polymerase transcribes
–ve vRNA into +ve mRNA.
Increasing endosomal pH via M2
-> change to HA’s shape->
endosome-membrane fusion &
release of viral DNA.
1 of 3 for:
Mewtwo

49. You are challenged by
Leader surangi (L2.6)
The answer to the question…
Which is true in terms of the influenza life
cycle.
Viral polymerase is very
accurate, beneficial as this
reduces mutations.
NA fuses viruses to siliac acid,
allowing virus to infect other
cells.
RNA polymerase transcribes
–ve vRNA into +ve mRNA.
Increasing endosomal pH via M2
-> change to HA’s shape->
endosome-membrane fusion &
release of viral DNA.
1 of 3 for:
Mewtwo
A- No, it’s error prone-> mutations
B – No, after replication, HA cleaves siliac acid to stop new virions
sticking to cell.
C - Correct.
C – No, decreasing endosomal pH. Also M1 uncoating!

50. You are challenged by
Leader surangi (L3.6)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is not a true way bacteria avoid
phagocytic destruction
They have anti-phagocytic
capsules.
Release toxins to kill immune
cells.
Secrete enzymes to break
down phagocyte’s DNA.
Using stealth and immune
evasion.
3 of 3 for:
Mewtwo

51. You are challenged by
Leader surangi (L3.6)
The answer to the question…
Which is not a true way bacteria avoid
phagocytic destruction
They have anti-phagocytic
capsules.
Secrete enzymes to break down
phagocyte’s DNA.
Release toxins to kill immune
cells.
Using stealth & immune
evasion.
2 of 3 for:
Mewtwo
A- Yes – reduce engulfment.
B - Correct, there aren’t any ‘DNAases’ to break down intracellular
phaagocyte DNA.
C – Yes – destroys phagocytes before they themselves get destroyed.
D – Yes – reduces recognition.

52. You are challenged by
Leader surangi (L3.9)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is not a pattern recognition receptor
(PRR).
Toll-like recptors. NOD-like receptors.
TCRs. C-type receptors.
3 of 3 for:
Mewtwo

53. You are challenged by
Leader surangi (L3.9)
The answer to the question…
Which is not a pattern recognition receptor
(PRR).
Toll-like recptors. NOD-like receptors.
TCRs. C-type receptors.
3 of 3 for:
Mewtwo
A- Yes – membrane-bound PRR.
B – Yes – cytoplasmic PRR.
C - Correct, T-cell receptors are in adaptive immune response, not innate.
D – Yes, membrane-bound PRR.

54. You are challenged by
Leader surangi
If you got 2 right, Mewtwo is yours.
If you got 1 right, I’ll let you try and
get Mewtwo if you get this next one right.

55. You are challenged by
Leader sarangi (CBL Case 2)
It’s your move. Your question is:
Which is a defining virological feature oe
coronaviruses.
Single stranded RNA genome in an
envelope.
HA as surface proteins.
Lock of protein coat.Circular DNA genome.
Redemption question for:
Mewtwo

56. You are challenged by
Leader sarangi (CBL Case 2)
The answer to the question…
Which is a defining virological feature oe
coronaviruses.
Single stranded RNA genome in an
envelope.
HA as surface proteins.
Lock of protein coat.Circular DNA genome.
Redemption question for:
Mewtwo
A – Correct.
B – No, influenza does. Coronviruses have spike proteins.
C- No, they have an envelope; they’re not a naked virus.
D – No, they have RNA.

57. You are challenged by
Leader surangi.
If you got this one wrong and haven’t
got Mewtwo yet, you’re outta luck…

58. Hope you enjoyed yourself
and hope you caught them all.

59. Tricky topic areas:
•Emerging bacteria pathogens.
•Surveillance (because it’s a picture lecture).
•PCR.
•Flu & viral potentials.