Infections vs inflammation

In this slideshow, we discuss the differences between infections and inflammation, signs and symptoms, types and treatment.
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1. Infections Vs . Inflammation 1

2. Definitions Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents . It may be defined as a harmful reactions but medically it is considered to be a protective one. It mainly occurs to rid the host from the cause of the cell injury and the consequences of it. 2

3. Infections are caused when another organism enter the body causing diseases. They are mainly caused by microorganisms; bacteria, viruses ,fungi and protozoa. The body has a mechanism to eliminate these organisms through the immune system, and this response most of the time cause elevation in body temperature. 3 Definitions

4. Sign and Symptoms As we started our talk about inflammation, we will continue to start with the signs of inflammations : Heat caused from the increased blood flow to the site Fever caused by the chemical mediators of inflammation, lead to increase temperature at the site of inflammation S welling caused by accumulation of fluid outside the blood vessels Pain is caused from the distortion of tissues caused by the swelling and some mediators Loss of function. Redness 4

5. Causes of Inflammations In some cases the inflammatory reaction become the cause of disease and the damage it produces is its dominant feature. Inflammation can be triggered by Infections. Tissue Necrosis (Death). Foreign Bodies. Immune reactions (hypersensitivity or allergic reactions). 5

6. As for the infections; there are many kinds of them and we will discuss each briefly, Bacterial infections Bacteria come in different shapes and sized, some can survive extreme temperatures and radiation. Our body has normal flora in the oral cavity and our stomach that can fight bacteria that enters the body by different routes. The most common feature for this kind of infections is the fever. 6 Sign and Symptoms H.Pylor i causing stomach ulcers

7. Viral Infections Viruses are the smallest infectious material and they are known to be non-living organism, they are composed of a piece of genetic material that is surrounded by a protein shell. They require a host cell in which their cell cycle occurs. 7 Sign and Symptoms

8. After the virus replicate inside the cell, the cell explodes releasing new viruses that infect other cells. Most of the time viral infections do not require treatment and can be eradicated by the body’s immune response and we only assist symptomatic treatment. 8 Sign and Symptoms

9. Fungal infections They are diverse and include yeast and molds Their sizes may differ from extremely large to small that can not be detected with the naked eye. 9 Sign and Symptoms Athlete's foot

10. Parasitic Infections Just like viruses, they live in or on the host organism and get food and other nutrients from the host. There is three types of parasites that infect humans: Protozoa Helminths Ectoparasites 10 Sign and Symptoms Protozoa

11. General signs and symptoms for infectious diseases Fever or chills. Body aches and pains. Feeling tired or fatigued. Coughing or sneezing. Digestive upset, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. 11 Sign and Symptoms

12. Types of Inflammation Acute Inflammation , as the name indicates it occurs for short period of time but can be severe. 12 Psoriasis, a kind of skin infections

13. This kind of response will cause three major changes Vascular changes  Dilation of small vessels which increases blood flow (proteins and white blood cells 1 ). Cellular changes  Accumulation of certain type of white blood cells that is responsible for ingest foreign bodies. Emerging of chemical mediators  These chemicals are released from blood plasma and white blood cells, the most common mediator is called Histamine 2 which triggers vasodilation and the activation of immune system. 13 Types of Inflammation 1: Immunity cells 2: Increased stimulation lead to allergic reactions

14. After these event happen, the immune system should destroy and eliminate the cause of inflammation and start healing and repairing processes. Repair of damaged tissues occurs by two types of reactions: regeneration by proliferation of uninjured cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar . 14 Types of Inflammation

15. Some tissues are able to replace the damaged components and essentially return to a normal state; this process is called  regeneration . If the injured tissues are incapable of complete restitution, or if the supporting structures of the tissue are severely damaged, repair occurs by the laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue, a process that may result in formation of a  scar. 15 Types of Inflammation

16. If the chemical that caused the reaction is hard to eliminate, the body produces pus in a process known as suppuration. Pus is a liquid medium made of neutrophils 1 , debris of dead cells and edema fluid. Abscesses are localized collection of pus, when the pus is formed within an organ or tissue 16 Types of Inflammation 1: The main white blood cell that mediate inflammatory responses Pus Abscess

17. if the agent causing an inflammation cannot be eliminated, or if there is some interference with the healing process, an  acute  inflammatory response may progress to the chronic stage . The physical extent, duration, and effects of chronic inflammation vary with the cause of the injury. 17 Types of Inflammation

18. In some cases, the chronic inflammation does not happen as a sequel to the acute response, there is some human diseases characterized by this type of inflammatory response. Such as; rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis and chronic lung diseases. In autoimmune reactions the stimulus to chronic inflammation is a normal component of the body which the immune system recognize as a foreign. 18 Types of Inflammation Tuberculosis Rhematoid Arthritis

19. Treatment Most inflammatory condition are prescribed NSAIDs 1 . If the inflammation was an allergic reactions we give anti-histamines 2 . As for infectious diseases we have a lot of antibiotics, antivirals, antifungal agents that can be used along side with antipyretics 3 . 19 1: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Ibuprofin (Advil®) 2:Some of these agents may cause sedation, Antihistamine examples Aerius ® , Layal ® and Zyretic ®. 3:The most common drug used for fever is paracetamol examples Panadol® and Tylenol®

20. References Robbins Basic Pathology Book 10 th edition https://www.healthline.com/health/inflammation https://www.healthline.com/health/infections#Overview https://www.britannica.com/science/inflammation 20 The End.❤