INFECTIOUS DISEASES .pdf

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by
Mr. GOWRI SANKAR CHINTAPALLI
Assistant Professor

2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

3. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Meningitis
Typhoid
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
Urinary tract infections

4. MENINGITIS

5. MENINGITIS
Meningitisisaninflammationofthefluidandmembranes
(meninges)surroundingyourbrainandspinalcord.
Itiscommonlycausedbyaninfection.
Meningitiscanbealife-threateningillnesssourgentmedical
treatmentisneeded.
Meningitisisaninflammationofthemeninges.
Themeningesarethemembranessurroundingthebrainandspinal
cord.

6. MENINGITIS

7. MENINGITIS
Symptoms:
Meningitis symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, and
stiff neck.
There are often other symptoms, such as
Headache with nausea or vomiting
Decreased appetite
Confusion or difficulty concentrating

8. MENINGITIS
Sudden fever
Severe Headache that seems different than normal
Seizures
Sensitivity to light
Sleepiness
Lethargy
Skin rash

9. MENINGITIS
DIAGNOSIS:
Physicalexaminationincludescheckforfever,stiffnessinneckand
decreasedconsciousness.
Tocheckthepressureinthecentralnervoussystem.Thistestalsohelpsto
identifyinflammationorbacterialinfection.
Tocheckforelevatedwhitebloodcellcount.
Foridentifyinginfectiousbacteria.
ChestX-ray-Fordiagnosingpnuemonialinfection,tuberculosisorfungal
infection.Pnuemonialinfectioncanspreadtobrain.
CTscanofheadshowsproblemsinbrain.

10. MENINGITIS
Antibiotics: Bacterial meningitis is treated with intravenous antibiotics.
Cefotaxime. Ceftriaxone
Antifungals: Used to treat fungal infections.
Clotrimazole. Econazole. Miconazole. Terbinafine
Antivirals: Antivirals can be prescribed by doctor
Amantadine. Rimantadine. Oseltamivir. Zanamivir
Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids are prescribed for non-infectious type of meningitis.
Prednisolone. Triamcinolone. Methylprednisolone

11. TYPHOID

12. TYPHOID

13. TYPHOID
SalmonellaTyphilivesonlyinhumans.Personswithtyphoidfever
carrythebacteriaintheirbloodstreamandintestinaltract.
TyphoidfeveriscausedbySalmonellatyphibacteria.
Typhoidfeverisrareindevelopedcountries.Itisstillaserious
healththreatinthedevelopingworld,especiallyforchildren.
Contaminatedfoodandwaterorclosecontactwithaninfected
personcausetyphoidfever.

14. TYPHOID
SYMPTOMS:
Low to high fever
Headache and body pain
Loss of appetite and weight Loss
Dry cough
Sweating

15. TYPHOID
Abdominal pain
Swelling in abdomen
Diarrhoea or constipation
Itching or rashes

16. TYPHOID

17. TYPHOID
DIAGNOSIS
Blood test: Blood sample or stool culture is used to detect the
presence of bacteria.
Widal test:Identifies antibodies against Salmonella antigens.

18. TYPHOID
MEDICATION
Antibiotics: Reduces the growth and kills bacteria.
Ciprofloxacin, Cefitrixone

19. TYPHOID
NUTRITION
Foods to eat:
Take foods that are rich in protein and calorie, considering that there
is a Loss of appetite and less food is eaten.
Sugarcane juice, lime juice and glucose water at regular interval.
Fruit juice, soup, broth
Foods to avoid:
Meat and fatty food that is difficult to digest

20. LEPROSY

21. LEPROSY

22. LEPROSY
Achronic,curableinfectiousdiseasemainlycausingskinlesions
andnervedamage.
LeprosyiscausedbyinfectionwiththebacteriumMycobacterium
leprae.
Itmainlyaffectstheskin,eyes,noseandperipheralnerves.

23. LEPROSY
SYMPTOMS:
Painareas:inthejoints
Skin:blister,lossofcolour,rashes,ulcers,orredness
Sensory:reducedsensationoftouch,pinsandneedles,orlossoftemperature
sensation
Alsocommon:nerveinjuryorweightloss

24. LEPROSY
SYMPTOMS:
Discolored patches of skin, usually flat, that may be numb and look
faded.
Growths (nodules) on the skin.
Thick, stiff or dry skin.
Painless ulcers on the soles of feet.
Painless swelling or lumps on the face or earlobes.
Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes.

25. LEPROSY
TREATMENT
Leprosy can be cured with 6-12 months of multi-drug therapy.
DAPSONE
RIFAMPIN
CLOFAZAMINE,
FLUORO QUINOLONES
MACROLIDES
MINOCYCLINE .

26. LEPROSY
More than one antibiotic is often given together, and usually for
months.
Inflammation Controlled Drugs
Aspirin
prednisone
thalidomide inflammation

27. TUBERCULOSIS

28. TUBERCULOSIS

29. TUBERCULOSIS
Apotentiallyseriousinfectiousbacterialdiseasethatmainlyaffects
thelungs.
ThebacteriathatcauseTBarespreadwhenaninfectedperson
coughsorsneezes.
Mostpeopleinfectedwiththebacteriathatcausetuberculosisdon't
havesymptoms.

30. TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis(TB)iscausedbyatypeofbacteriumcalled
Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.
It'sspreadwhenapersonwithactiveTBdiseaseintheirlungs
coughsorsneezesandsomeoneelseinhalestheexpelleddroplets,
whichcontainTBbacteria.
Tuberculosisiscausedbybacteriathatspreadfrompersontoperson
throughmicroscopicdropletsreleasedintotheair.

31. TUBERCULOSIS
CAUSES
Poverty.
HIV infection.
Homelessness.
Being in jail or prison (where close contact can spread infection)
Substance abuse.
Taking medication that weakens the immune system.
Kidney disease and diabetes.
Organ transplants.

32. TUBERCULOSIS
Coughingforthreeormoreweeks. S
Coughingupbloodormucus. Y
Chestpain,orpainwithbreathingorcoughing. M
Unintentionalweightloss. P
Fatigue. T
Fever. O
Nightsweats. M
Chills. S

33. TUBERCULOSIS

34. TUBERCULOSIS
TREATMENT
The most common medications used to treat tuberculosis include:
Isoniazid.
Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
Ethambutol (Myambutol)
Pyrazinamide.

35. TUBERCULOSIS
PREVENTION
If you have active TB,limit your contact with other people.
Coveryourmouthwhenyoulaugh,sneeze,orcough.
Wearasurgicalmaskwhenyou'rearoundotherpeopleduringthe
firstweeksoftreatment.

36. URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS(UTI)

37. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Aninfectioninanypartoftheurinarysystem,thekidneys,bladder
orurethra.
Urinarytractinfectionsaremorecommoninwomen.
Theyusuallyoccurinthebladderorurethra,butmoreserious
infectionsinvolvethekidney.

38. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms,
but when they do they may include:
A strong, persistent urge to urinate.
A burning sensation when urinating.
Passing frequent, small amounts of urine.
Urine that appears cloudy.
Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored —a sign of
blood in the urine.

39. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

40. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
USUALLY SELF-DIAGNOSABLE
A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate,
pain with urination and blood in the urine.
A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting and fever.

41. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Common treatment is with antibiotics. Antibiotics like
Metronidazole
cefoperazone
furazolidone
daptomycin
tigecycline
erythromycin

42. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
PREVENTION
Drinkplentyofliquids,especiallywater:Drinkingwaterhelps
dilute
yoururineandensuresthat
you'llurinatemorefrequently—allowingbacteriatobeflushed
fromyour
urinarytractbeforeaninfectioncanbegin.
Drinkcranberryjuice:
Althoughstudiesarenotconclusivethatcranberryjuice
preventsUTIs,itislikelynotharmful.

43. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Wipefromfronttoback:
Doingsoafterurinatingandafterabowelmovementhelpsprevent
bacteriaintheanalregionfromspreadingtothevaginaandurethra.
Emptyyourbladdersoonafterintercourse:
Also,drinkafullglassofwatertohelpflushbacteria.

44. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Avoidpotentiallyirritatingfeminineproducts:
Usingdeodorantspraysorotherfeminineproducts,suchasdouches
andpowders,inthegenitalareacanirritatetheurethra.
Changeyourbirthcontrolmethod:
Diaphragms,orunlubricatedorspermicide-treatedcondomscanall
contributetobacterialgrowth.

45. THANK YOU