Inflammatory response

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1. Inflammatory Response

2. Inflammatory Cells Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Macrophage Neutrophil Inflammatory mediators

3. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Macrophage Neutrophil

4. Mast Cell Activation By the entrance of foreign pathogen. Role Detects any invading pathogen. Secretes histamine. Histamine leads to vasodilatation and increasing vascular permeability. And in turn, allows for monocytes and neutrophils migration into tissue

5. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Macrophage Neutrophil Inflammatory mediators

6. Tissue macrophage Activation By PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern). Role Secretes cytokines; Increases vascular permeability. Attracts more leucocytes (neutrophils and macrophage).

7. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Macrophage Neutrophil Inflammatory mediators

8. Dendritic Cell As tissue macrophage

9. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Macrophage Neutrophil Inflammatory mediators Inflammatory mediators

10. Complement Protien

11. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Neutrophil Macrophage Inflammatory mediators

12. Neutrophil Neutrophils are a type of phagocyte and are normally found in the blood stream.

13. Neutrophil Attraction During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure and some cancers. Neutrophils are one of the first responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. Neutrophils migrate through the blood vessels, then through interstitial tissue, following chemical signals such as Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C5a,  fMLP  and Leukotriene B4 in a process called  chemotaxis . Neutrophils are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance .

14. Inflammatory Response

15. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Neutrophil Macrophage Inflammatory mediators

16. Macrophage Activation After release of histamine and increased vascular permeability, monocytes migrates from blood stream to tissue and called macrophage . They are attracted toward pathogen by cytokines and PAMP.

17. Macrophage Role It phagocytes pathogens and represents its antigen on its surface. It stimulates  lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to pathogens.

18. Macrophage Macrophages function in both: Non-specific defense (innate immunity) Specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity )

19. Phagocytosis

20. Role in adaptive immunity Macrophages are versatile cells that play many roles: As scavengers They rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris. Along with dendritic cells, they are among the cells that "present" antigen APCs, a crucial role in initiating an immune response.

21. Role in adaptive immunity As secretory cells Monocytes and macrophages are vital to the regulation of immune responses and the development of inflammation. They produce a wide array of powerful chemical substances (monokines) including: Enzymes. Complement proteins. Regulatory factors such as interleukin-1 .

22. Role in adaptive immunity At the same time They carry receptors for lymphokines  that allow them to be "activated" into single-minded pursuit of microbes and tumour cells.

23. Macrophage as APC After digesting a pathogen, a macrophage will present the antigen  of the pathogen to the corresponding helper T cell.

24. Macrophage as APC The presentation is done by integrating it into the cell membrane and displaying it attached to an MHC class II molecule, indicating to other white blood cells that this macrophage is not a pathogen, despite having antigens on its surface .

25. Macrophage as APC Eventually , the antigen presentation results in the production of antibodies that attach to the antigens of pathogens, making them easier for macrophages to adhere to with their cell membrane and phagocytose .

26. Macrophage as APC The antigen presentation on the surface of infected macrophages (in the context of MHC class II) in a lymph node stimulates TH1 (type 1 helper T cells) to proliferate (mainly due to IL-12 secretion from the macrophage).

27. Macrophage as APC When a B-cell in the lymph node recognizes the same unprocessed surface antigen on the bacterium with its surface bound antibody, the antigen is endocytosed and processed.

28. Macrophage as APC The processed antigen is then presented in MHCII on the surface of the B-cell. T cells that express the T cell receptor which recognizes the antigen-MHC II complex cause the B-cell to produce antibodies that help opsonisation of the antigen so that the bacteria can be better cleared by phagocytes .

29. Inflammatory Response Mast Cell Tissue macrophage Dendritic cell Complement protein Neutrophil Macrophage Inflammatory mediators