Influence of foliar application of micronutrients on pulses

Among the micronutrients Zn, Fe, B, and Mo improved the yield appreciably and foliar spray and soil application proved to be economical in pulses

1. Name of the student : Miss. Manjusha Baban Tapkir. Reg.No. :09/ 211 Discipline : Animal Science WEL COME

2. SEMINAR ON Influence of foliar application of micronutrients on pulses Presented by Miss. Ujwala Balasaheb jadhav Reg no-2015A44ML Research Guide Bhagyaresha R. Gajbhiye Assistant professor Dep. Of soil sci. & Agril.chemistry Collage of agriculture latur Seminar incharge : Dr P.H. Vaidya

3. PULSES Pulses are important source of dietary protein. Pulses have unique property of maintaining and restoring soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation as well as conserving and improving physical properties of soil by virtue of their deep root system and leaf fall. Pulse crops leave behind reasonable quantity of nitrogen in the soil and add up to 40kgN/ha. (Handbook of Agril .)

4. Intensive cropping and use of heavy doses of high analysis fertilizers have induced the deficiencies of micronutrients in many part of the country. To achieve high yields and sustaining same over years, it becomes very necessary for the emerging nutrient deficiencies. Balanced fertilization is inevitable to boost the crop productivity. Among the micronutrients Zn, Fe, B, and Mo improved the yield appreciably and foliar spray and soil application proved to be economical in pulses ( Savithri et al ., 2001).

5. Table:1. Contribution of Micronutrients in Increasing Productivity of Different Pulse Crops Micro- nutrients Dose/ha Crop Increase over control (%) Reference Zinc 25kg ZnSO 4 Chickpea 22.2 Kushwaha (1997) 25kg ZnSO 4 Lentil 54.3 Mishra & Tiwari (1998) 25kg ZnSO 4 Urdbean 20.1 Kushwaha (1997) 15 kg ZnSO 4 Pigeonpea 16.4 Boron 10kg Borax Chickpea 33.8 Kushwaha (1997) 10kg Borax Pigeonpea 4.1 Molybdenum 1kg Sodium molybdate Chickpea 5.8 Kushwaha (1997) 1kg Sodium molybdate Pigeonpea 18.2 Mishra & Ali(1998) Iron 10kg FeSO 4 Lentil 17.6 Singh et al.(1985) 1kg Fe (Chelated) Pigeonpea 6.2 Thiyagarajan et al ., 2003

6. Importance of foliar fertilization Definition of foliar fertilization: The application of foliar sprays of one or more mineral nutrients to plants to supplement traditional soil application of fertilizers. Foliar feeding is a technique of a feeding nutrient to plant by applying liquid fertilizer (either in solution or suspension) directly to the crop canopy. If used wisely, it can more efficient, economical environmental friendly target oriented when used supplement soil fertilization now days, foliar feeding is widely adopted strategy in modern crop management

7. Foliar fertilization historically There is a wealth of literature about foliar fertilization which was first used as long ago as 1844 to correct plant chlorosis with foliar sprays of iron (Gris, 1844). Used widely and for many years in horticulture (fruit and vegetables) In row-crop agriculture the practice has only caught on in the past two decades, although there is still some speculation about the benefits and correct implementation of this practice

8. Mechanism of foliar fertilization I n order for a foliar fertilizer nutrient to be utilized by the plant for growth, it must first gain entry into the leaf prior to entering the cytoplasm of a cell in the leaf. To achieve this the nutrient must effectively penetrate the outer cuticle and the wall of the underlying epidermal cell. Once penetration has occurred, nutrient absorption by the cell is similar to absorption by the roots. Of all the components of the pathway of foliar-applied nutrients, the cuticle offers the greatest resistance

9. Role of Boron Boron plays an important role in the development and differentiation of tissue, carbohydrate metabolism and translocation of sugar in plants. Boron makes up the ca deficiency to some extent. It helps in the normal growth of plant and in absorption of nitrogen. Boron helps in the root development and flower and pollen grain formation. ( Kausdikar et.al)

10. Deficiancy symptoms of boron Plant growth is reduced and the leaves turn yellow or red. Boron deficiency is often found to be associated with sterility and malformation of reproductive organs. B deficiency decreases the rate of water absorption and translocation of sugar in plants Seed also fail to mature without boron

11. Role of Molybdenum Required for N utilization. Legumes can not fix atmospheric N Symbiotically without Mb. ( Kausdikar et.al.)

12. Deficiency symptoms of molybdenum Stunting and lack of vigor, very similar to N deficiency due to the key role Mb plays in N utilization. Marginal cupping and scorching of leaves. Whiptail in cauliflower and yellow spotting in citrus.

13. Role of Copper It is imp constituent of chlorophyll and thus help in synthesis of chlorophyll. It acts as catalyst in respiration. Aids in root metabolism. It has a role in enzyme reactions. However, the specific function in growth and development of plant

14. Deficiency symptoms Light yellowing, leaf tips turn brown. Sometimes twisted young leaves looked wilted .

15. Role of Manganese Manganese has a role in the formation of the plants naturally occurring antifungal compounds, helping to fight disease infection. It is involved in the enzymes that govern many biological reactions in plant tissue. Manganese is also required for lignin formation, which along with cellulose Foliar application are the most effective to prevent manganese deficiency .

16. Deficiency Symptoms Yellowing between the veins of new leaves (similar to iron deficiency)

17. Role of Iron iron is essential for the Maintenance of chlorophyll. Iron is also an essential component of the hemoglobin molecule. In soybean plants, hemoglobin is a component of the nodules. This may explain the lack of nodulation in field situations where IDC is a serious problem.

18. Dificiency symptoms of iron Leaves Yellowish ,veins green, affected leaves curl up.

19. Zinc This micronutrient is essential for enzymes that are involved in many metabolic reactions. Necessary for chlorophyll production. Necessary for starch formation. Aids in seed formation

20. Deficiancy symptoms Shorter growth, with reduced internode length, new leaves are smaller. Interveinal chlorosis of the foliage.

21. Advantages of Foliar Fertilization Can react rapidly to symptoms or tissue analysis Rapid plant response for correcting deficiency Avoids soil problems Relatively low cost Only use small amounts of fertilizer No foliar burn (with KNO3 or K2SO4) Improved yield and fiber quality parameters

22. Disadvantages of Foliar Fertilization Only a limited amount of the nutrient can be applied at one time. Cost of multiple applications can be prohibitive. Possibility of foliar burn (with high concentrations). Low solubility of some fertilizers especially in cold water . Incompatibility with certain other

23. Table 2-Raw seed yield and graded seed yield (q/ha) as influenced by different micronutrient treatment in soybean Treatment Plant height (cm) Number of functional leave Leaf area ( dm ) Number of branches Dry matter (g day-1) Number of pod plant-1 Number of nodule plant-1 T1: 23.83 12.57 0.65 5.87 19.02 17.80 46.00 T2 26.72 14.69 0.87 7.27 21.83 20.93 51.17 T3 26.12 14.59 0.86 7.13 21.79 20.33 50.33 T4 25.89 14.35 0.81 7.00 21.91 20.27 48.33 T5 28.56 15.03 0.93 8.60 23.54 23.33 52.00 T6 27.93 15.00 0.88 8.47 23.37 23.00 51.33 T7 28.19 14.98 0.91 8.13 23.32 23.20 51.83 T8 28.70 15.13 0.99 8.73 23.70 23.59 52.33 T9 30.30 16.22 1.15 9.67 24.95 25.23 53.67 T10 29.68 16.09 1.13 9.20 24.64 25.19 53.50 T11 29.48 16.00 1.04 9.07 24.31 25.13 53.33 T12 31.30 17.56 1.23 9.87 26.79 27.37 62.00 s.Em _ + 0.64 0.62 0.05 0.34 0.73 0.80 0.71 C.D at 5% 1.85 1.79 0.15 0.99 2.13 2.34 2.07 Mean 28.06 15.19 0.95 8.25 23.26 22.95 52.15 C.O.A Latur . (2006) Bahure et.al.

24. Treatments T1:RDF T2:RDF + ZnSO4 20 kg ha T3: RDF + FeSO4 20 kg ha-1, T4:RDF+ MgSO4 20 kg ha T5: RDF + ZnSO4 20 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 20 kg ha T6: RDF + FeSO4 20 kg ha-1 + MgSO4 20 kg ha- T7:RDF + MgSO4 20 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 20 kg ha- T8:RDF + ZnSO4 20 kg ha-1 + FeSO420 kg ha-1 + MgSO4 20 kg ha-1, T9:RDF + ZnSO410 kg ha-1 + 1% ZnSO4 T10: RDF + FeSO410 kg ha-1 + 1% FeSO4 T11: RDF + MgSO410 kg ha-1 + 1% MgSO4 T12:RDF + ZnSO4 10 kg ha-1 + FeSO4 10 kg ha-1 + MgSO4 10 kg ha-1 + 1.5 % znso4 s.Em _ + C.D at 5% Mean

25. Table-3 Response of Micronutrient to soybean yield and nutrient uptake Treatment Yield (q ha-1) Grain Uptake of major nutrient (kg ha-1) Uptake of micronutrient (g ha-1) Grain Straw N P K Zn Fe Mo T1: Control 16.62 11.18 60.6 12.0 96.7 140.0 339.4 160.6 T2: Water 18.19 11.97 62.1 12.4 98.6 153.8 341.4 164.4 T3: FeSO4 (0.5%) 18.50 13.26 63.2 12.6 104.5 157.2 353.7 167.1 T4: ZnSO4 (0.5%) 17.87 13.41 67.4 12.6 108.9 158.5 344.5 164.7 T5: Seed fortification with Na2MoO4 19.94 13.43 70.0 13.4 110.5 144.6 361.7 176.4 T6: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) 22.65 19.66 84.7 16.6 122.8 172.1 399.4 187.3 T7: FeSO4 (0.5%) + Na2MoO4 20.90 15.84 73.8 15.4 121.3 157.0 385.6 181.0 T8: ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Na2MoO 20.33 15.67 80.0 14.0 118.7 158.3 365.9 187.1 T9: FeSO4 (0.5%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Na2MoO4 20.92 16.13 83.6 15.4 119.4 162.6 398.8 188.4 S.E. ± 1.054 1.395 5.07 0.95 2.07 5.57 9.38 6.74 C.D. (P=0.05) 3.16 4.18 15.2 2.85 6.20 16.7 28.1 20.2 (2013) Reshma sale et.Al C.O.A. Dhule

26. Table-4 Effect of foliar application of nitrogen and zinc on chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake (kg /ha) by soybean Treatment Chlorophyll content Nutrient uptake 30DAS 60DAS N ZN T1: Control, 26.2 38.0 66.9 0.2 T2:ZnSO4 @ 50 kg /ha as soil application 31.3 43.0 99.4 0.6 T3:2% urea spray at flowering (25-30 DAS), 31.2 42.1 94.5 0.6 T4: 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flowering 30.0 40.5 88.6 0.4 T5: 2% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flowering 27.4 38.6 77.6 0.3 T6: 2% urea spray at early pod development 28.4 39.0 81.9 0.4 T7: 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at early pod development (55-60 DAS) 28.6 39.9 84.5 0.4 T8: 2% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at early pod development 30.2 40.6 92.0 0.4 T9: 2% urea spray at flowering and at early pod developmen 32.0 43.6 110.7 0.7 T10: 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flowering and at early pod development 30.4 40.8 93.6 0.5 SEm ± 0.5 0.6 2.8 0.03 CD (P=0.05) 1.4 1.5 8.0 0.1 Agriculture Collage ,Baptala-522, Andhra pradesh (2013) Nagajyothi et.al . .

27. Table-5: Effect of foliar Application of Nitrogen and Zinc on yield attributes,yield and Quality of soybean Treatmen t No.of pods/plant 100 seed weight (g) Grain yield (kg/ha ) Haulam yield (kg/ha Harvest Index (%) Protein Content (%) Oil content (%) T1: 20 8.1 707 1460 32.5 39.5 16.1 T2: 29 10.2 1026 1759 36.7 43.3 19.5 T3 28 9.7 979 1739 35.9 42.5 19.2 T4 26 9.2 895 1644 34.1 41.5 17.6 T5 23 8.8 810 1565 34.1 39.9 16.3 T6: 23 8.8 836 1602 34.2 40.3 16.7 T7 23 9.1 882 1637 34.8 40.7 17.4 T8 27 9.3 907 1692 35.2 42.0 18.2 T9 30 10.3 1109 1779 38.2 43.9 20.9 T10 27 9.4 942 1704 35.6 42.2 18.6 SEm ± 0.9 0.2 33.3 33.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 CD (P=0.05) 2 0.5 95 96 0.5 1.5 1.3 Agriculture collage , Baptala,Andhra pradesh (2013) Naga Jyothi et .al.

28. Treatments T1:Control T2:ZnSO4 @ 50 kg /ha as soil application T3:2% urea spray at flowering T4:0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flowering T5:2% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flowering T6:2% urea spray at early pod development T7:0.5% ZnSO4 spray at early pod development (55-60 DAS) T8:2% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at early pod developmen T9:2% urea spray at flowering and at early pod development T10:0.5% ZnSO4 spray at flowering and at early pod development SEm ± CD (P=0.05)

29. Table -7 Effect of Foliar Spray Treatments with urea and Micronutrients on yield and quality componants of Mungbean Treatments No.of pods /plant Pod weight (g/plant) No.of seeds/pod Seed yield (g/plant) 100-seed weight (g) Seed yield (Kg/ha) Control(water spray) 15.00 11.90 8.70 4.10 2.80 1676.60 Urea:1% 15.60 16.80 11.20 4.80 3.70 1730.60 Fe:0.5% 15.00 17.50 12.00 7.30 3.90 2377.20 Mn:0.2% 20.60 16.60 11.00 6.50 3.40 1833.80 Zn:0.1% 17.80 19.00 12.20 5.40 3.70 2254.60 Cu:0.05% 15.70 17.50 11.20 4.20 4.00 1825.00 Urea 1%+Fe 14.70 21.20 11.50 7.10 3.40 2200.80 Urea1%+ Mn 14.70 22.30 11.70 5.70 3.70 2098.60 Urea 1% +Zn 22.00 22.50 11.50 6.70 3.40 2223.60 Urea 1%+Cu 16.10 20.70 11.50 5.20 2.60 1828.40 L.S.D 4.40 3.80 0.60 0.30 0.20 103.00 Field crop research Deparetment,Agril.Div . National Res.Center,Dokki -Cairo-Egypt Latif et.al (2006)

30. Table-8 Effect of Different Concentration of Zinc on growth and Yield Charactar of Mungbean (2012) Pant Mung-4 Height (cm)/plant No. of tillers/plant No. of leaves/plant Leaf area (sq. cm.)/plant Dry weight (g)/plant No. of pods/plant Yield of seed/ plant 1000 seeds weight (g T1:Control (c) 32.1 13 29.3 387 56.3 45.8 62.07 65.3 T2:Zn 5 ppm 37.0 14 30.7 432 61.0 48.7 65.00 65.8 T3:Zn 10 ppm 39.5 15 31.7 508 68.0 54.2 69.30 67.4 T4:Zn 15 ppm 43.9 16 33.3 550 81.3 60.0 74.10 69.7 T5:Zn 20 ppm 46.5 17 34.3 612 94.3 70.5 78.20 72.5 Narendra-1 T1:Mo 1 ppm 27.1 9 28.0 380 55.1 46.7 60.08 63.4 T2:Mo 2 ppm 30.1 10 28.3 419 56.2 51.2 63.50 64.2 T3:Mo 3 ppm 33.6 11 30.0 467 65.4 57.0 67.26 65.0 T4: Mo 5 ppm 36.2 12 31.3 522 77.7 63.0 70.50 67.2 T5: Urea 1% 38.4 13 32.7 587 89.1 75.0 73.75 70.5 2Raja Mahendra Pratap Post Graduate College, Gurukul-Narsan , HARIDWAR (UTTARAKHAND Malik et.al (2015)

31. Table 9 : Effect of different concentrations of molybdenum on growth and yield characters of mungbean (2012) Pant Mung-4 Height (cm)/plant No. of tillers/plant No. of leaves/plant Leaf area (sq. cm.)/ plant Dry weight (g)/plant No. of pods/plant Yield of seed/ plant 1000 seeds weight (g) T1:Control (c) 32.1 13 29.3 387 56.3 45.8 62.07 65.3 T6:Mo 1 ppm 33.6 14 30.3 407 56.3 47.6 62.07 65.5 T7:Mo 2 ppm 35.6 14 31.3 455 63.0 53.2 66.80 68.0 T8:Mo 3 ppm 37.3 16 32.3 556 69.6 68.6 88.92 74.5 T9:Mo 5 ppm 36.1 14 31.3 502 65.0 60.0 61.20 71.4 Narendra-1 T1:Control (c) 27.1 9 28.0 387 55.1 46.7 60.08 63.4 T6:Mo 1 ppm 28.9 10 28.7 401 53.0 50.4 60.08 63.7 T7:Mo 2 ppm 30.1 10 29.6 448 61.0 56.2 64.80 65.8 T8:Mo 3 ppm 31.7 12 31.3 543 67.6 71.4 85.50 71.5 T9:Mo 5 ppm 30.4 10 29.6 491 63.9 62.3 59.10 69.7 2Raja Mahendra Pratap Post Graduate College, Gurukul-Narsan , HARIDWAR Malik et.al. (2015)

32. Table :11. Effect s of foliar application of zinc on yield attributes and seed yield of lentil Treatment Shoot dry (g/plant)weight Branches/plant Pods/ plant Biomass (kg/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) Harvest index 1000 grain wt (g) Control Zn1 (0.0%) 3.23 14.4 45.9 2 537.5 1 063.1 0.40 24.7 Zn2 (0.02%) 3.67 15.9 54.2 2 825.6 1 171.2 0.39 24.7 Zn3 (0.04%) 4.11 16.3 58.0 2 902.6 1 238.6 0.39 24.8 Zn4 (0.08%) 4.37 16.2 63.8 2 942.1 1 208.6 0.38 25.0 CD (P=0.05) 0.18 1.9 8.6 87.5 35.2 NS NS ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar Singh .et.al. (2014)

33. Table : 12 .Effect of zinc sulphate and thiourea spray on yield attributes and yield of chickpea Treatments Grain yield (q/ha) Fodder yield (q/ha Plant height (cm) Number of primary branches Number of total branches Number of pods/plant T1- Control (No spray 12.4 11.4 64.5 7.5 20.6 25.5 T2- 0.5% Zinc sulphate spray at vegetative and reproductive stage 14.0 12.9 66.6 8.6 22.3 27.1 T3- 500 ppm thiourea spray at vegetative and reproductive stage 13.2 11.5 66.2 8.4 22.7 26.4 T4- 500 ppm thiourea+ 0.2 % Zinc sulphate (mixed solution) spray at vegetative and reproductive stage 15.4 13.3 68.3 9.1 23.9 29.2 SEm ± 0.482 0.362 1.252 0.548 1.102 1.18 CD (P=0.05) 1.40 1.05 3.983 1.591 3.197 3.428 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dausa (Rajasthan) Jat et.al. (2014)

34. Table:13. Effect of foliar Application of Zn and Fe on growth and yield attributes of cowpea Treatment Height (cm) No.Of Branches Bhusa Yield kg ha-1 Podslength (cm) Pod Per plant Seeds per pod T1:Control 40.16 2.80 674.71 2.96 14.16 11.76 T2: 0.5% FeS04 spray at 25DAS 42.30 2.76 792.17 2.96 15.30 12.23 T3: 0.5% FeS04 spray at 45DAS 47.26 2.86 821.33 3.30 15.66 13.16 T4:T2+T3 44.90 2.36 816.66 3.36 15.06 13.00 T5:0.5% ZnS04 spray at 25DAS 45.93 2.53 747.70 3.40 16.00 12.96 T6:05% ZnS04 spray at 45DAS 46.23 2.83 745.96 3.68 15.30 12.40 T7:T5 +T6 47.96 2.60 837.36 3.66 15.83 13.30 T8:T2+T5 47.61 2.83 859.73 3.73 15.83 13.50 T9:T3 +T6 45.63 2.70 914.56 3.93 16.16 13.90 CD at 5% NS NS 101.37 0.63 NS NS Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Pattambi - 679 306, Kerala, India Anitha et.al. (2005)

35. Conclusion . Application of micronutrient Z n , F e, and Mg resulted in the growth attributes & better uptake and translocation of better nutrients. Spraying of 500ppm thiourea+ 0.2% zinc sulphate at vegetative and reproductive stage increased the yield of chickpea. Micronutrient application had significant effect on grain and straw yield, nutrient uptake, oil and protein content of soybean foliar application of Fe and Zn gives the maximum oil and protein percentage

36. THANK-YOU