Information Concept and Computer Appreciation

Basic Information Concepts - An Information System is a system that gathers data and disseminates information with the sole purpose of providing information to its users. ... The main object of an information system is to provide information to its users
Computer Appreciation:- Definition characteristics and application of computer

1. YASIR KHAN
Assistant Professor

15. Von-Neumannproposed his computerarchitecturedesign in 1945 which was later known
asVon-Neumann Architecture. It consisted of a Control Unit, Arithmetic, and Logical
Memory Unit (ALU), Registers and Inputs/Outputs.

22. RAM
(RANDOM-ACCESSMEMORY)allowsyourcomputertoperformmanyofits
everydaytasks,suchasloadingapplications,browsingtheinternet,editinga
spreadsheet,orexperiencingthelatestgame.Memoryalsoallowsyoutoswitchquickly
amongthesetasks,rememberingwhereyouareinonetaskwhenyouswitchtoanother
task.
How does RAM work?
RAMis essentially a super fast, high speed storage that your computer and its
applications utilize to store and access temporary data. ... Itworksby storing common
data that programs are in constant use of, rather than storing the data on a much slower
medium like a Solid State Hard Drive (or SSD).
Why do we need RAM and ROM?
RAM(Random-access memory) is used to store data that CPUneedsfor current
instruction processing.
ROM (Read-only memory) is used to store data that inneededto bootstrap the
computer.
RAMspeed is quite high.ROMspeed is slower thanRAM.

24. EXTERNALSTORAGE DEVICES
a.External HDDs and SSDs. ...
b.Flashmemory devices. ...
c.OpticalStorage Devices. ...
d.Floppy Disks. ...
e.PrimaryStorage: Random AccessMemory(RAM) ...
f.SecondaryStorage:
i.Hard DiskDrives(HDD) ...
ii.Solid-StateDrives(SSD)
Advance type of storage
Cloud storage
While not exactly a device per se,Cloud storageis the newest and most versatile
type of storage for computers. “The cloud” is not one place or object, but rather a
huge collection of servers housed in data centers around the world. When you save
a document to the cloud, you’re storing it on these servers.
Because cloud storage stores everything online, it doesn’t use any of your
computer’s secondary storage, allowing you tosave space.

25. External storage devices
In addition to storage media contained within a computer, there are also digital
storage devices that are external from computers. These are commonly used to
expand storage capacity on a computer runs low on space, allow more portability,
or provide easy file transfers from one device to another.
External HDDs and SSDs
You can get both HDD and SSD devices as external drives. These generally offer
the largest storage capacity among external options, with external HDDs offering
up to 20 TB of storage and (reasonably-priced) external SSDs offering up to 8 TB
of storage.
External HDDs and SSDs work in the exact same way that their internal
counterparts do. Most external drives can connect to any computer; they’re not
tied to one device, so they’re a decent solution for transferring files across
devices.

26. A flash memory device contains trillions of interconnected flash memory cells that
store data. These cells hold millions of transistors that when switched on or off
represent 1s and 0s in binary code, allowing a computer to read and write
information.
Flash memory devices
Optical Storage Devices
CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs are used for a lot more than playing music and
videos—they also act as storage devices. Collectively they’re known as optical
storage devices or optical media.

27. Floppy disks were the first widely-available portable, removable storage devices. This
is why most "Save" icons look the way they do, they're modeled after the floppy disk.
They work in the same way as hard disk drives, although at a much smaller scale.
The storage capacity of floppy disks never exceeded 200 MB before CD-RW and flash
drives became the favored storage media. The iMac was the first personal computer
released without a floppy disk drive in 1998.
Floppy Disks

28. Floppy disk
DvdROM
Zip drive
Magnetic tape

30. Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a
computer −
a)Keyboard
b)Mouse
c)Joy Stick
d)Light pen
e)Track Ball
f)Scanner
g)Graphic Tablet
h)Microphone
i)Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
j)Optical Character Reader(OCR)
k)Bar Code Reader
l)Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

31. Computer keyboard
is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers,
and other symbols (together, these are called characters) into
acomputer. It is one of the most used input devices forcomputers.
Using akeyboardis often called typing.
Mouse
is a hand-held device that transmits your commands to
thecomputerby controlling the movement of the cursor/pointer on
thecomputerscreen. • As you move themouse, the pointer on the
screen moves in the same direction.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor
position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at
its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

32. Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or
laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half
inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.
Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less
space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a
ball, a button, or a square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy
machine. It is used when some information is available on paper
and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for
further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted
into a digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can
be edited before they are printed.

33. Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog
information into digital form. Digitizer can convert a
signal from the television or camera into a series of
numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can
be used by the computer to create a picture of
whatever the camera had been pointed at.
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet
as it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary
inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine
works of drawing and image manipulation
applications.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is
then stored in a digital form.
The microphone is used for various applications such
as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for
mixing music.

34. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as
there are large number of chequesto be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque
number are printed on the chequeswith a special type
of ink that contains particles of magnetic material
that are machine readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages
of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.
OCR scans the text optically, character by character,
converts them into a machine readable code, and
stores the text on the system memory.

35. Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar
coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines).
Bar coded data is generally used in labellinggoods,
numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld
scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it
into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the
computer that the bar code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to
recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It
is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be
selected and marked.
It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of
examinations having multiple choice questions.

36. Key board Mouse
Track ball
Light pen
Touch screen
Tablet

41. System software's
are
compiler,
assembler,
debugger,
driver, etc

42. Application software's
are
word processor,
web browser,
media player, etc.

47. GUI
(graphical user interface)
GUI is a system of interactive visual components for computer
software. AGUIdisplays objects that convey information, and
represent actions that can be taken by the user. The objects change
color, size, or visibility when the user interacts with them
GUI is used
for
TheGRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE isusedby most
commercially popular computer operating systems and software
programs today. ... This kind of interface allows word
processing or web design programs

49. Thank you !!!!!