INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PRELIMINARY .pptx

Lesson

1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BSBA 21 Saturday 2:30 – 5:30

2. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

3. What is a computer? Any form of electronic device that manipulates information, or data. A device that can be instructed to carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. It has the ability to accept data from the user, process, and store, as well as generate the desired output.

4. History of Computer: Manual Computational Abacus – over 5000 years ago, used by Babylon 2000 years before Greeks used it to help with calculating. It was also used in Europe and China. Origin is unknown.

5. History of Computer: Manual Computational Napier's bones – an abacus invented by John Napier for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.

6. History of Computer: Manual Computational Oughtred’s Slide rule – invented by William Oughtred (1574-1660), an English mathematician and clergyman. The slide rule was a tool that used logarithms to perform calculations. It was the primary calculation tool in science and engineering

7. History of Computer: Manual Mechanical Pascaline Calculator – was built in 1642 by the French physicist Blaise Pascal when he was 19 years old. This early ancestor of the pocket calculator counts whole numbers by the cogs, or teeth, on a cogwheel. Used to help collecting taxes.

8. History of Computer: Manual Mechanical Leibniz’ Calculator – also known as the stepped reckoner, was the first calculator that could perform all four basic arithmetic operations. It was invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1673.

9. History of Computer: Manual Mechanical Jacquard’s Weaving Loom –

10. History of Computer: Manual Mechanical Difference Engine – invented in 1830 by Charles Babbage.

11. History of Computer: Manual Mechanical Analytical Engine – invented also by Charles Babbage which makes him the “Father of Computer”.

12. History of Computer: Manual Mechanical Lady Augusta Ada Byron – “the first computer programmer” a gifted mathematician who helped the son of Babbage to develop instructions for doing computations in Analytical Engine.

13. History of Computer: Electromechanical Hollerinth’s punched card machines – In 1880’s, Dr. Herman Hollerith, a statistician, completed a set of machines to help process the results of census. He constructed an electromagnetics counting machine using 3x5 punched cards.

14. History of Computer: Electronic Computers Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) – In 1939, an American professor Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and his student Clifford Berry began building the prototype of first computing machine to use electricity. The result was ABC computer. The first automatic electronic digital computer.

15. History of Computer: Electronic Computers Mark I – In 1940, Howard Hathaway Aiken invented automatic general-purpose computer called Mark I, financed by International Business Machine (IBM). The official name of Mark I was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. It was approximately 50 feel long and 8 feet high and consisted of some 700,000 moving parts and several hundred miles of wiring.

16. History of Computer: Electronic Computers Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) – invented by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert. This was used in World War II to calculate trajectory tables for new guns.

17. History of Computer: Electronic Computers Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) – Dr. John von Neumann modified ENIAC.

18. History of Computer: Electronic Computers Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) – when the World War II was over, John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert developed the UNIVAC 1, the first general-purpose commercial computer.

19. Generation of Computers: 1 st Generation First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940–1956)

20. Generation of Computers: 1 st Generation The first generation of computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory, and they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000 characters.

21. Generation of Computers: 2nd Generation Second Generation: Transistors (1956–1963)

22. Generation of Computers: 1 st Generation The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of computer. This generation of computers also included hardware advances like magnetic core memory, magnetic tape, and the magnetic disk. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.

23. Generation of Computers: 3rd Generation Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964–1971)

24. Generation of Computers: 3rd Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

25. Generation of Computers: 3rd Generation Instead of punched cards and printouts, users would interact with a third-generation computer through keyboards, monitors, and interfaces with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers, for the first time, became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

26. Generation of Computers: 4th Generation Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971–Present)

27. Generation of Computers: 4th Generation The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The technology in the first generation that filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand.

28. Generation of Computers: 4th Generation The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, integrated all the components of the computer, from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls, on a single chip.

29. Generation of Computers: 5th Generation Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)

30. Generation of Computers: 5th Generation Artificial intelligence was first made available to the general public through virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, which are able to interact with users via voice recognition. In late 2022, OpenAI released ChatGPT, the first publicly available Large Language Model, using NLP to “understand” questions produce accurate responses sourced from the internet’s infinite data.

31. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s Mid-1970’s – Apple, Tandy, Commodore introduced the first low-cost computers.

32. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1971 – the Intel 4004, first microprocessor was designed and created by Dr. Ted Hoff

33. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1971 – Steve Wozniak (co-founder of Apple) together with Bill Fernandez designed and created a computer called Cream Soda Computer

34. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1972 – 5.25 floppy disk was first introduced in the market.

35. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1973 – the hard disk as mass storage device was introduced by IBM corporation. It was originally designed to hold 70 MB of data.

36. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1974 – the Intel Corporation and Motorola Inc. introduced an 8-bit microprocessor with 64 KB of RAM memory and runs a speed of 2 MHz.

37. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1975 – the first commercially available Personal Computer (PC) called Altair was introduced in the United States.

38. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1976 – the first Apple I computer was designed and marketed by the founders of Apple company: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

39. Computer Revolution: In 1970’s 1978 – Epson Company introduced the first dot-matrix printer with model number MX-80.

40. TYPES OF COMPUTERS Analog Computer – these are almost extinct today. This can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously.

41. TYPES OF COMPUTERS Digital Computers – these are suitable for complex computation and have higher speeds.

42. TYPES OF COMPUTERS Hybrid Computers – combination of both analog and digital computer.

43. TYPES OF COMPUTERS Hybrid Computers – combination of both analog and digital computer.

44. QUIZ: Identification The first computer programmer - Lady Augusta Ada Byron In what year does the first floppy disk introduced? - 1972 The first personal computer - Altair Computer created by Steve Wozniak and Bill Fernandez – Cream Soda COmputer The person who modified ENIAC. – Dr. Jon von Neumann

45. QUIZ: Identification UNIVAC - Universal automatic computer Who invented MARK 1 computer? - Howard Hathaway Aiken The official name of MARK 1 computer? - Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Who created the slide rule? – William Oughtred EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

46. QUIZ: Identification Who designed and created Intel 4004? – Dr. Ted Hoff The combination of analog and digital computer. - Hybrid ABC – Atanasoff-Berry Computer ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer Technology used in the 4 th generation computers. – microprocessor

47. QUIZ: Arrange the evolution if computers in chronological order. Slide rule Abacus Leibniz Napier’s bone EDVAC ABC ENIAC Javquards weaving loom Pascaline Hollerith’s punched cards UNIVAC Difference engine Mark 1 Analytical

48. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

49. Classifications of Computer Mainframe computers – a high-performance computer that processes large amounts of data quickly. Mainframes are also known as "big iron". Mainframes Computer: These are very large and fast computers but smaller and slowest than supercomputers.

50. Classifications of Computer They are used in a centralized location where many terminals ( Input/output devices) are connected with one CPU and thus, allow different users to share the single CPU. Mainframe computers are mainly used in Railway and Airline Reservation application, Banking applications, commercial applications of industries and companies.

51. Classifications of Computer Supercomputer: It is the biggest and fastest computer, which mainly designed for complex scientific applications. It has many CPU's (Central Processing Units- main part of computer) which parallel to make it as fastest computer. Mainly used for following applications like weather information, Energy Management, and etc.

52. Classifications of Computer Minicomputers: These are medium - scale, smaller and gernerally slower than mainframes computers. Like mainframe computers, they have many terminals which are connected with CPU and can support many users. Minicomputers are mainly used in applications where processing can be distributed among several minicomputers rather than using a mainframe computer.

53. Classifications of Computer Microcomputers: It is the smallest digital computer, which uses microprocessor as its CPU. Microcomputers are popularly called a personal computer (PC). The PC's can be used both as a stand alone machine and a terminal in a multi- user environment for all types of application. It is a very popular now a days due to very high processing power and memory.

54. Types of Personal Computers Desktop Computers The most common type of Personal Computer Commonly used in workplaces, schools and homes. Owing to their large size they are difficult to carry around. Is designed to make it sit on a table or desk that’s why it’s called a Desktop Computer Desktop Computer performs a multitude of tasks ranging from communication, photo editing, playing games, watching videos and much more.

55. Types of Personal Computers Laptop Computers People normally place these devices on their laps, hence the name laptop computer. Laptops are miniaturized and optimize for mobile use. It runs on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries.

56. Types of Personal Computers Netbook Computers Notebook computers are the same as laptop computers exact for they are smaller and lighter than laptops. They had a smaller feature set and lesser capacities in comparison to regular laptops.

57. Types of Personal Computers Personal Digital Assistant It is handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDA’s can also be used as portable audio players, web browsers, and smartphones. Most of the can access internet by means of Wi-Fi.

58. Types of Personal Computers Tablet Computers Mobile computers that are very handy to use. They use touch screen technology. Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or use a stylus or digital pen.

59. Types of Personal Computers Wearable Computers These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of modelling and human behavior.

60. Components of a Computer System

61. 1. Computer Hardware Computer hardware is the physical parts of a computer that enable it to function. This includes internal components like the motherboard and CPU, as well as external devices like the keyboard and monitor.

62. Types of Computer Hardware Input Devices – it allows the user to enter information into the system, or control its operation.

63. Types of Computer Hardware Input Devices Mouse – invented by Douglas Engelbart. Developed further by Bill English by inventing “ball mouse”. Patented by Lisa Williams and Robert Cherry who invented optical mouse.

64. Types of Computer Hardware Output Devices Display information in a human-readable form. hardware that allows a computer to communicate with a user by presenting information as images, sounds, or videos.

65. Types of Computer Hardware Output Devices Display information in a human-readable form. hardware that allows a computer to communicate with a user by presenting information as images, sounds, or videos.

66. Monitors – displays visual information

67. LCD Projector

68. Printer – prints texts and illustrations

69. Speakers – play sounds

70. Headsets – allows user to talk and listen

71. Types of Computer Hardware Storage Devices Any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects.

72. Floppy diskette – can store up to 1.44 MB or 1.2 MB depending on the size

73. Compact disc (CD) – can hold about 700 MB

74. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) – can hold about 4.7 GB

75. Universal Serial Bus (USB) – capacity can be 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, 64 GB

76. Hard Drive The main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software and most other files are stored in hard drive.

77. Types of Hard Drive Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA) The PATA interfaces were first introduced to the market by Compaq and Western Digital in 1986. They can have up to 80GB capacity and transfer data as fast as 133 MB/S.

78. Types of Hard Drive Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) a lot of desktop and laptop computers have gotten SATA interfaces because they have superseded PATA interfaces in size, power consumption, and even better pricing. a rate of 150 – 300 MB/S

79. Types of Hard Drive Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is an upgrade over SATA and PATA interfaces. used to connect and communicate between computers and peripheral devices, such as hard disk drives, tape drives, CD/DVD drives, and scanners.

80. Types of Hard Drive Solid State Drive (SSD) a semiconductor-based storage device, which typically uses NAND flash memory to save persistent data. used for the operating system and frequently accessed applications, providing fast boot times and quick access to data NAND - a type of non-volatile storage technology that does not require power to retain data.

81. COMPUTER SUB-SYSTEM AND PERIPHERALS

82. SYSTEM UNIT The system unit is the main part of microcomputers. the case that houses the main components of a desktop computer. It's also known as the "tower" or "chassis".

83. SYSTEM UNIT 1. Motherboard the main circuit board in a computer's system unit. It connects all the computer's components together, allowing them to communicate and function.

84. SYSTEM UNIT 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) the main component of a computer that processes instructions and performs tasks. It’s is considered as the "brain" of the computer. Also called microprocessor. It interprets and carries out the instructions or commands in each program or software.

85. SYSTEM UNIT 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) the speed is measured in units called Megahertz (MHz). Today’s computer runs in 2 GHz or more. Mega – million Giga – billion Many software applications that use intensive graphics and large number of calculations require faster CPU speed.

86. SYSTEM UNIT 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Intel’s Model of Microprocessor Pentium – for PCs Celeron – for Budget PCs Centrino – for Laptops Itanium – for Server computers Xeon – for high-end workstations and server PCs

87. SYSTEM UNIT 3. RAM and ROM Random Access Memory (RAM) is the computer’s main memory. an integrated circuits (IC) or chip can be used to store program and instructions and data temporarily capable of holding millions of data temporarily a volatile type of memory The higher RAM, the faster and better

88. SYSTEM UNIT 3. RAM and ROM Read Only Memory (ROM) a non-volatile type of memory the program and data stored into it are permanent ensure that all basic parts are working and in good condition it holds the instructions (programs or software) that the PC needs to operate

89. SYSTEM UNIT 4. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Used to hold and record all basic setups of the computer system: number of hard disks installed the system date and time and if other peripherals are connected All settings of hardware and software are recorded in CMOS chip.

90. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports Allow users to connect to the input and output devices or other peripherals into the PC or laptop. These can be found at the back or front of the PC.

91. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports Keyboard and Mouse ports

92. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports Monitor port High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI): A popular choice for connecting computers to monitors, and offers high picture resolution Video Graphics Array (VGA): An analog interface standard for connecting to traditional desktop computers and analog displays

93. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports Monitor port Digital Visual Interface (DVI): Supports digital signals for high-definition displays like TVs or Blu-ray players DisplayPort: A good choice for multi-monitor setups or higher resolution displays

94. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports Network port A LAN, or Local Area Network, is a network of devices connected in a single location. LANs can be found in homes, offices, schools, and other buildings.

95. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports A modem port is an Ethernet port on a modem that connects to a router or telephone network.

96. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports A parallel port is a computer interface that allows multiple bits of data to be sent simultaneously to connect devices. It was commonly used for printers, scanners, and other peripherals.

97. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports A serial port is a physical connection that transfers data between a computer and other devices, one bit at a time. Serial ports are typically used to connect modems, printers, and other devices.

98. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports A USB port is a connection point that allows you to connect devices to a computer using a USB cable.

99. SYSTEM UNIT 5. Computer Ports An audio port is a physical connection that allows audio signals to be transmitted between devices. Yellow – speaker our port is designed to connect to home stereos Green – speaker our port is for desktop speakers or headphones. Pink – microphone port

100. SYSTEM UNIT 6. Computer Bus a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers. Expansion bus – connects external devices to the CPU System bus – connects the CPU to other device that reside on the mother board Address bus – connects RAM and CPU

101. SYSTEM UNIT 7. Expansion Slots Expansion slots are ports on a computer's motherboard that allow users to add hardware components to their computer.

102. SYSTEM UNIT 7. Expansion Slots Sound card – an expansion card for producing sound on a computer that can be heard through speakers or headphones.

103. SYSTEM UNIT 7. Expansion Slots Video card – used to create a picture on a display.

104. SYSTEM UNIT 8. Power Supply Unit (PSU) – a hardware component that converts alternating current (AC) electricity from a wall outlet into direct current (DC) electricity for a computer.

105. SYSTEM UNIT 9. A UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is a device that keeps a computer running during power outages or fluctuations. It's essential for computers, servers, and other critical devices.

106. SYSTEM UNIT 10. Computer adapter – a hardware device or software that allows different devices to connect and communicate. Adapters can connect different types of cables or devices with different port types.

107. SYSTEM UNIT 11. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – a storage device that uses magnetic disks to store data for computers. HDDs are non-volatile, meaning they retain data even when the computer is off. usually configured as C: Drive and contains operating system and applications.

108. SYSTEM UNIT 12. System Fan – also known as a case fan, is a device that circulates air inside a computer. It helps maintain optimal temperatures by drawing in cool air from outside and expelling warm air from inside.