Inherent healing capacities of the body and Yoga.

This presentation briefly explains the inherent healing capacities present in our body and mind. How we can use our mind to heal ourselves faster and how to lead a fulfilling life in the presence of difficulties. This PowerPoint also explains the spontaneous regression of cancer cells and how our immunity influences it, as well as how a positive mindset influences our health and well-being.

1.  INHERENT HEALING CAPACITIES AND YOGA THERAPIES. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF INHERENT HEALING CAPACITIES OF HUMAN BODY AND MIND. CONCEPT OF SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION, ROLE OF POSITIVE THINKING, HEALTH BEHAVIOUR AND YOGA THERAPY IN SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF YOGA THERAPIES IN ELICITING INHERENT HEALING CAPACITIES   Dr. Shashi Prabha Pandey Third Year MD Scholar : Clinical Yoga

2. INHERENT HEALING Inherent : Existing as a natural and basic part of something. Healing :  the process of becoming well again, especially after a cut or other injury, or of making someone well again 2 Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

3. Immunity Immunity is defined as an organism’s ability to protect itself from anything that it does not recognize as self, such as a pathogen or toxin. In humans, all nucleated cells express distinctive surface molecules called  major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I)  that identify them as being self.  Anything that does not possess these “ self tags ” may be recognized by the immune system as foreign and targeted. Anything that triggers the immune system is called an antigen. 3

4. IMMUNE SYSTEM The body’s defense against:  Disease causing organisms or infectious agents.  Malfunctioning cells or abnormal body cells as cancer foreign cells or particles. It is a potent defense that consists of the production of specific antibody molecules and lymphocytes capable of reacting with and inactivating foreign agents, either directly or indirectly through the involvement of molecular and cellular inflammatory processes. 4

5. There are two major line of defense Innate Immunity also known as genetic or natural immunity, is immunity that an organism is born with. It offers lifelong protection. The innate immune response is fast acting and non-specific, meaning it does not respond differently based on the specific invader that it detects. Adaptive Immunity :   It is acquired during their lifetime as a result of exposure to specific antigens, be that through natural means such as infection or by vaccination. 5

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7. INNATE IMMUNITY First line of defense.. Exists before exposure to the microbes Found in plants, insects and vertebrates. 3 Essential function of innate immunity Initial response to the microbes : Recognizing the pathogen Eliminate damaged cells and initiates the process of the tissue repair : engulfing and destruction of the pathogen. Stimulates adaptive immune response : Alarms other immune cells to fight pathogen . 2 Major types of responses Inflammation Antiviral defense 7

8. Innate Immunity is constitutive and can be considered at Species, racial and individual level. 8 Species Resistance Racial Resistance Individual Resistance Species immunity may be due to genetic, physiological or biochemical factors. e.g. Frogs are resistant to Anthrax at 25˚C but they are susceptible at 37 ˚C Resistance against infection present in different races within the same species is called racial immunity. e.g. - American black people are more susceptible to tuberculosis than the white Americans.  Homozygous twins have identical resistance or susceptibility to  infection, which is not seen in heterozygous twins.

9. In humans, the innate immune system consists of :  Physical and chemical barriers- first line of defense Chemical (humoral) and cellular barrier a-  second line of defense. Physical and chemical barriers  protect the body from invasion and include things like the skin and eyelashes, tears, mucous, blood clotting factors and stomach acid.   Chemical defenses  consist of proteins able to interact directly or indirectly with invaders, activating cascades of reactions to cause inflammation and recruit further immune mediators that help to defend the body. Examples include the complement system, interferons and interleukin-1. Cellular defenses  identify things that are non-self, take steps to neutralize or destroy them and activate the adaptive immune system. Examples include phagocytes, natural killer cells and mast cells. 9

10. COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY Anatomical barrier Physical barriers  Chemical barriers 2. Cells Phagocytic cells Dendritic cells NK cells 3. Soluble Proteins Compliment Cytokines, chemokines Antimicrobial substances 10

11. COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY Structures and mediators Mechanism Gastrointestinal tract  Enzymes in digestive juices and the acid  in stomach Lysozyme in saliva  Respiratory tract  Defensins and cathelicidins in epithelial cells Neutrophils, Lympocytes , macrophages, natural killer cells in lungs  Urogenital tract  Acidity in urine/vaginal fluid  Skin  Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages destroy the micro.org by phagocytosis.  11

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14. Cells of the immune system GRANULOCYTES These are  white blood cells  containing  granules  in their  cytoplasm. Neutrophils Make up 40-75% of all white blood cells. First line of defense against all infections. Act by phagocytosing invading organisms and presenting antigens to the immune system. Segmented nuclei and their cytoplasm is full of pinky-purple granules which  contain enzymes like proteases, myeloperoxidases, elastases which destroy the microorganisms.  Granules also contain antibody like substances called defensins. S ecrete platelet activating factor (PAF) which is a cytokine : aggregation prevention of excess blood loss. 14

15. Eosinophils   1-6%  of white blood cells. Bilobed nuclei  and  intracellular granules  which  stain brick red  with eosin. Act against  multicellular parasites  (e.g. worms) by dissolving their cell surfaces:  cytotoxic substances present in granules – eosinophil peroxidase, major basic protein, eosinophil derived neurotoxin, cytokines. They are also involved in  IgE -mediated allergic disorders  like asthma. 15

16. Basophils 0-1%  of white blood cells. Bilobed nuclei  and  large darkly staining intracellular granules These are the circulating counterparts of  tissue mast cells. I nflammation ,  parasitic infections  and  allergic reactions. Basophils have role in hypersensitivity reactions because of presence of receptors for IgE  antibody on its membrane. Heparin – Blood clotting, Histamine – acute hypersensitivity reactions by causing vascular and tissue responses. Cytokine – IL-4(Inflammatory Process) 16

17. Monocytes & macrophages Large cells involved in  phagocytosis  and  antigen presentation BLOOD MONOCYTES 2-10%  of white blood cells Produced in the bone marrow and travel in the bloodstream to their target tissues, where they become  macrophages. Phagocytosis ,  antigen presentation  and cytokine production. Large cells  with  fine “ground-glass” granules  and  horseshoe-shaped nuclei. 17

18. Tissue macrophages T issue cells  and therefore aren’t found on a full blood count. Derived from  blood monocytes , which  differentiate  once they reach their target tissues and express  CD14 receptors Like monocytes, they are  large cells  with  horseshoe-shaped nuclei. They “eat up” any pathogens, foreign debris and old or dead cells from their tissues using  phagocytosis. A ntigen presentation  and can  activate memory cells Pseudopodia  which extend around the unlucky item they’re about to eat. P hagosome L ysosome   Types  : Kupffer cells  in the liver,  alveolar macrophages  in the lungs,  osteoclasts  in bone and  microglial cells  in neurons. 18

19. Dendritic cells Main  antigen-presenting cells  of the immune system. Vital role in activating  T helper cells  and  memory cells. Formed in the  bone marrow  and circulate in the  bloodstream  until they reach their  target tissues , where they are  activated by pathogens  and differentiate into their mature forms. they  phagocytose  pathogens before migrating to  lymph nodes , where they present antigens on their cell surfaces with the  costimulatory molecules  required to activate the adaptive immune response. Characteristic  “dendritic” processes  branching from their cell membranes. There are several specialized dendritic cell types, including  Langerhans cells  in the skin 19

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21. Lymphocytes Small, specialized  white blood cells  with  large nuclei  and  no granules 20-45%  of all white blood cells. Three main subtypes of lymphocytes:  B cells, T cells  and  natural killer (NK) cells B cells  and  T cells  make up the majority of the lymphocyte population. They are small cells with large round nuclei, scanty blue- ish cytoplasm and no granules, and are morphologically indistinguishable from one another. The only way to tell them apart is with specialist serology or staining for specific  cell surface markers  known as  clusters of differentiation  ( CDs ). NK cells  are a larger, more primitive lymphocyte subtype which contain some granules. 21

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23. B cells B cells represent about  25%  of the total lymphocyte population – this varies depending on the activity of the immune response and can be up to 50% B cell surface markers  include  CD19 ,  CD20  and  CD21 , as well as  MHC II T hey are essential for   antibody-mediated  immune response Plasma cells  are mature B cells that secrete  antibodies , which recognize specific foreign antigens and bind to them or destroy them. Memory B cells  “remember” the offending foreign antigens to allow the immune system to mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections. 23

24. T CELLS T cells  represent about  70%  of the total lymphocyte population. All T cells  express  CD3  on their surfaces, along with  T cell receptors  ( TCRs ) which recognize specific antigens presented in an MHC I or MHC II molecule. T cell subtypes- each have their own surface markers' Helper T cells (CD4)  facilitate the activation of the immune response and stimulate division and differentiation of various effector cells. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)  – also known as killer or effector T cells – provide  cell-mediated   immunity  by targeting and killing infected cells 24

25. Regulatory T cells (CD25 + FOXP3)  – also known as suppressor T cells – play a vital role in limiting the immune response to prevent excessive damage to tissues and organs. Memory T cells (CD62 + CCR7)  “remember” what has happened to allow the immune system to mount a faster, more effective response should the offending organism be foolish enough to return. 25

26. NATURAL KILLER CELLS NK cells  represent about  5%  of the total lymphocyte population. They are a larger, primitive lymphocyte subtype with granules in their cytoplasm. They express  CD16  and  CD56 , and a large proportion of them also express CD8 NK cells actually form part of both the  innate and adaptive immune systems  and are able to destroy pathogens and infected cells without the need for prior activation by specific antigens. They are also particularly important in  viral immunity. 26

27. INNATE CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE Phagocytes Examples of “professional” phagocytes include  dendritic cells ,  blood monocytes ,  tissue macrophages  and, most importantly,  neutrophils .  Neutrophils are an absolutely key component of this initial process which only appear in response to infection or injury, and are therefore not found in healthy tissue. Phagocytes identify pathogens by recognizing  pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)  using  pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) . Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an example of a PRR found on macrophages. once they have identified dangerous organisms, they internalize them, kill them and digest them down into their component proteins. 27

28. Phagocytes then present the digested protein antigens to the cells of the adaptive immune system via  major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)  on their surfaces.  The MHC complex acts as a safety mechanism. It prevents the immune system from being activated too easily, as it ensures that T cells can only react to an antigen if it is presented within an MHC complex. This phenomenon is known as  MHC restriction . when phagocyte PRRs are exposed to PAMPs,  NFKB is activated . This is a transcription factor which results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the initiation of the inflammatory response. 28

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30.  Inflammatory response The acute inflammatory response is kick-started by  innate immune cells, proinflammatory cytokines  and  complement . It acts as a bridging mechanism to  localize and contain the infection  in the period from about  4-96 hours  after its onset. The main features of this process are: V asodilation and increased blood flow  – this leads to  erythema  ( “rubor” ) and  warmth  ( “ calor ” ) I ncreased vascular permeability  – this allows an  inflammatory cell infiltrate  to extravasate and reach the site of infection, and also causes  tissue oedema  and  swelling  ( “ tumour ” ) R elease of inflammatory mediators such as  bradykinins  and  prostaglandins  which  increase pain sensitivity  and cause  hyperalgesia  in the infected area ( “dolor” ) 30

31. N eutrophil chemotaxis  – neutrophils migrate to the site of infection and begin their clean-up operation,  phagocytosing pathogens  and debris. M icrovascular coagulation  – this is induced by local tissue damage, and acts to  confine the infection  and prevent its spread. S ystemic features  such as  fever  and  raised inflammatory markers  such as  CRP  and  ferritin –  this produces unpleasant “flu-like” symptoms such as hot flushes, sweats, chills, rigors, headache, nausea, myalgia, arthralgia and fatigue. U pregulation of co-stimulatory molecules  such as  MHC-II  and  B7  to encourage activation of the adaptive immune system. 31

32. Lifestyle and Immune System 32 Researches have shown how various dietary components, chronic stress and sedentary lifestyle can modulate key pathways to inflammation including sympathetic activity, oxidative stress, transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB ) activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. 

33. How does stress affects the immune system ? 33

34. 34 Chronic Stress Activation of Hypothalamo -Pituitary-adrenal Axis (HPA)  Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor (CRF) from hypothalamus CRF stimulates the secretion of ACTH from Ant. pituitary ACTH activates the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids, which are powerful immune regulators i.e. Cortisol, prolactin, epinephrine and nor epinephrine Alters type 1 and type 2 cytokine balance Suppression of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Low grade inflammation and suppression of protective immune cells Linked with infections, autoimmune disorders, CVD, Diabetes and cancers

35. Diet and Immune Function The immune system’s demands for energy and nutrients can be met from exogenous sources i.e., the diet . The amino acid arginine is essential for the generation of nitric oxide by macrophages.  Vitamin A and zinc regulate cell division and so are essential for a successful proliferative response within the immune system. Vitamin E, it has a role as both antioxidant, inhibitor of protein kinase C activity, and potentially interacting with enzymes and transport proteins. 35

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37. Over -nutrition and Inflammation   Obesity and over -nutrition are strongly associated with chronic inflammation and  higher risk for a number of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic liver disease . This metabolism-induced inflammation associated with obesity is termed as meta- flammation - Western diet is a known risk factor . The Western diet is characterized by a diet high in sugar, trans and saturated fats, but low in complex carbohydrates, fiber, micronutrients, and other bioactive molecules such as polyphenols and omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.  37

38. 38  Increased uptake of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a constituent of gram-negative bacterial cells walls) LPS is sensed by cells of the innate immune system through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Activation of TLR4 by LPS will induce an inflammatory response by the immune cells.  Nutrients, notably long-chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, can interfere with TLR4 activation and, thus, can ameliorate this inflammatory signal.  The relationship between nutrition and the immune system PMID - 36570149

39. Yoga and Innate Healing Yoga works towards restoration of normal function in all systems of the human body with special emphasis on the psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine axis. Yoga has been utilized since ages to alleviate stress which is the root cause for altered innate healing capacity of the body. Among mind-body therapies, yoga-based therapies have emerged as an important therapeutic option. Clinical trials with yoga have been conducted in depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, with promising results. 39

40. Author/ year Sample size Participant characteristics Location/ Setting of study Study design Intervention Results Agnihotri et al., 2014  276 patients of mild to moderate asthma (FEV 1 > 60%) aged between 12 to 60 years Department of Pulmonary Medicine, King George’s Medical University, U.P., Lucknow, India RCT 6-week yoga intervention (30 minutes/day, 5 days/week of asana and pranayama) Decreased eosinophil and neutrophil counts among patients with asthma in yoga group. 40

41. Author/ year Sample size Participant characteristics Location/ Setting of study Study design Intervention Results Chen et al., 2017 94 94 healthy pregnant women at 16 weeks’ gestation a prenatal clinic in Taipei longitudinal, prospective, randomized controlled trial 20-week yoga intervention (60 minutes/day, twice a week of asana and pranayama) Significantly lower cortisol levels; high IgA; improvement in CD3+ and CD4+ cell counts in yoga group. 41

42. Author/ year Sample size Participant characteristics Location/ Setting of study Study design Intervention Results Yadav et al., 2012 84 Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and overweight/obese subjects Integral Health Clinic, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Preliminary results from a nonrandomized prospective ongoing study with pre-post design 10-day yoga intervention (asana and pranayama) Decreased levels of cortisol, IL-6, and TNF-α; increased β-endorphin levels. 42

43.   Resilience - Resilience is the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands. Both chronic and sub-acute stress have a significant negative impact on the immune system on the one hand, the ability to cope with stress helps preserve immune function. Lower resilience to stress is associated with poor antibody response and decreased natural-killer cell activity. Evidence suggests that people who have stressful life events have greater risk for respiratory infections 43 Yoga and Resilience Pedersen A, Zachariae R, Bovbjerg DH. Influence of psychological stress on upper respiratory infection--a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

44. Components of a healthy Yogic lifestyle Achar – healthy physical activities and exercise Vichar - right thought and right attitude Ahar – healthy and nourishing diet Vihar – proper recreational activities 44 To live a healthy life it is important to do healthy things and follow a healthy lifestyle. Yoga places great importance on a proper and healthy lifestyle whose main components are

45. Mind-body therapies reduce markers of inflammation and influence virus-specific immune responses to vaccination. 45

46.  N= 27, 10 weeks of intervention, 3hour/week. This study shows that a short program of pranic  meditation practice was able to upregulate the function and metabolism of phagocytes, in parallel with the reduction of the plasma levels of corticotrophin and indicate that pranic  meditation could be useful for stimulating the function and metabolism of phagocytes.  46

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48. SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION Spontaneous regression , also called  spontaneous healing  or  spontaneous remission , is an unexpected improvement or cure from a disease that usually progresses.  These terms are commonly used for unexpected final improvements in tumor or carcinoma. Dr. Tilden Everson and Dr. Warren Cole in the 1960s, defined SR as “the partial or complete disappearance of a malignant tumor in the absence of treatment or therapy " In 1966 Everson and Cole wrote about 176 cases of spontaneous regression from 1900 to 1964. They speculated that there could be antigens in our body that stimulate our immune system, causing regression of cancer. 48

49. ST. PEREGRINE TUMOR The spontaneous healing of cancer is a phenomenon that has been observed for hundreds  of years and after having been the subject of many controversies, it is now accepted as an indisputable fact.  The phenomenon of spontaneous regression is also known as St. Peregrine tumor. Peregrine Laziozi , a young priest, was affected with cancer of the tibia requiring amputation of the leg.  The lesion grew to a point where it broke through the skin and became severely infected with  Streptococcus pyogenes, and the patient developed high fever.  Miraculously   after the attack of fever the ulcer improved; the tumor shrank, and finally disappeared completely. 49 Jessy T. Immunity over inability: The spontaneous regression of cancer. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2011  PMID: 22470233

50. Coley’s toxins Coley suspected that somehow the infection was responsible for the miraculous cure.  Patient's activated immunity in response to the acute infection was the key factor in cancer regression. He developed a vaccine containing two killed bacteria,  Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes.  Gram-negative Serratia marcescens. Experimental work could simulate an infection with inflammation, chills, and fever without worrying about the risks of an actual infection. This vaccine became known as “Coley's toxins.” He successfully used his vaccine, in treating a man bedridden with an inoperable sarcoma involving the abdominal wall, pelvis, and bladder. The sarcoma regressed completely and the patient was followed up until his death from a heart attack 26 years later. 50

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52. SOME POSSIBLE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR REGRESSION  Endocrine Influences :  The therapeutic effectiveness of endocrine treatment in the management of advanced cancer of, for example, the breast and prostate Surgical Removal  Unusual sensitivity to inadequate irradiation or other therapy  Fever and/or acute infection.  Allergic reaction. Allergic reaction with destruction of the tumor cells might be a factor in some cases. Apoptosis & Angiogenesis inhibition Removal of carcinogenic agent. Incorrect diagnosis of malignancy.  Psychological factors 52 Spontaneous regression of cancer: preliminary report, Tilden C. Everson, Warren H. Cole

53. STIMULATED IMMUNOTHERAPY Martha Tracy who formulated many of Coley's vaccine observed that the most effective formulation was the one that induced both local and systemic reactions. Coley considered several points crucial to a patient's survival. First and foremost was to simulate a naturally occurring acute infection, and thus, inducing a fever was essential.  Injections were  administered daily or every other day for the first month or two.  To avoid immune tolerance to the vaccine, the dosage was gradually increased over time depending on the patient response.  The vaccine was injected directly into the primary tumor. 53

54. Common Infections Common infections have also been implicated in the role of spontaneous regression.  It has been postulated that the stimulation of the immune system activates resting dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, increasing the immunorecognition of tumor cells and leading to the destruction of cancer cells, in turn causing tumor regression. 54 Immunity over inability: The spontaneous regression of cancer PMID-   22470233

55. CONCLUSION Spontaneous regression is a well-authenticated and natural phenomenon. Its study may lead us to a better understanding of the natural history of neoplastic disease which so commonly progresses but rarely regresses.  Febrile infections can prevent cancer.. Asepsis, fever control, surgery, and immunosuppressive therapies are known to have an inverse relation to cancer regression.  The comparative rarity of spontaneous regressions today may result from the immunosuppressive nature of conventional cancer therapies. 55 Spontaneous regression: A hidden treasure buried in time. PMID-  11812185

56. OPTIMISM Optimism is an individual difference variable that reflects the extent to which people hold generalized favorable expectancies for their future. The word “optimism” comes from the Latin word  optimum , meaning “the best.” In psychology, optimism or dispositional optimism is a set of beliefs and traits that help individuals reflect on the positive aspects of life rather than the negative ones. It is a personality pattern that displays resilience and personal strength. Higher levels of optimism have been related prospectively to better subjective well-being in times of adversity or difficulty. Evidence says that optimism is associated with taking proactive steps to protect one's health, whereas pessimism is associated with health-damaging behaviors.  Optimism is also related to indicators of better physical health, benefits in the socioeconomic world, satisfac tion in relationships etc. 56

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58.  999 Dutch seniors were followed for a decade: high optimism produced a remarkably low hazard ratio of CVD death, when controlling for age, sex, chronic disease, education, smoking, alcohol, history of CVD, body mass, and cholesterol levels. 58

59. Negatively related to measures of cellular immunity when stressors are difficult (e.g., complex, persistent, and uncontrollable) but positively related when stressors are easy (e.g., straightforward, brief, and controllable). 59

60. Neurobiology of Optimism

61. The neurobiology of optimism and pessimism involves complex interactions among various brain regions, neurotransmitters, and neural circuits. Prefrontal Cortex: The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in decision-making, emotional, regulation, and cognitive processing. Amygdala: The amygdala is involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and threat detection. Dopamine System: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and positive reinforcement. Serotonin System: Serotonin is another neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, emotional processing, and social behavior. 61 The Neural Basis of Optimism and Pessimism PMID- 24167413

62. Learned Optimism Learned optimism is the process of recognizing and challenging pessimistic thoughts in order to develop more positive behaviors. This concept in psychology aims to help people find new ways to manage tough situations and improve their overall well-being. Concept emerged out of POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY. It was introduced by psychologist Dr. Martin Seligman. Dr . Seligman uses the phrase “learned optimism” to contrast “learned helplessness,” a thought pattern where someone feels unable to change negative circumstances. Under learned helplessness, you can’t change the situation and give up. Under learned optimism, while you may not always be able to change your situation, you can change how you respond to it. 62 Optimism and Its Impact on Mental and Physical Well-Being PMID - 20592964

63. The ABCD Model Dr. Seligman promotes the “ABCDE” model of learned optimism, which involves asking yourself these questions about your negative thoughts: Adversity:  What event caused the negative thoughts? Belief:  How do you feel about the event? Consequence:  What behaviors came from your feelings about the event? Disputation:  What examples of events prove your negative beliefs wrong? Energization:  How does challenging your negative beliefs inspire you to move forward? 63 Effectiveness of Optimism Skills Group Training: Examination of the Attributional Styles of Boys at the Kerman Juvenile Correction and Rehabilitation Center PMID - 24971234

64. Recognize Cognitive Distortion With the Three P’s You can try to reframe negative thoughts through three kinds of cognitive distortions: Personalization:  Instead of blaming a negative event on yourself, can you connect it to an outside cause? Permanence:  Instead of thinking that the negative event will affect you forever, can you make changes for the future? Pervasiveness:  Instead of believing that one bad event will impact every other event, can you identify it as a single event? 64

65. FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS  The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that individuals’ subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by their facial expressions.   For example, smiling should typically make individuals feel happier, and frowning should make them feel sadder. The idea was introduced by Darwin (1872) when he noted that the experience of an emotion seemed to be intensified when the emotion was freely expressed, but softened when repressed. Facial feedback hypothesis was formulated by Tomkins , Gellhorn , Izard , Ekman and Buck 65 Söderkvist S, Ohlen K, Dimberg U. How the Experience of Emotion is Modulated by Facial Feedback. PMID-  29497224

66. 66 Elevating your cheeks can make you happier. F rowning should make you feel angrier.

67. Bhakti Yoga : The path of emotion culture 67 This path of emotions culture broadens our vision to overcome our pettiness, gross selfishness, hatred, greed, jealousy and raises us to the highest levels of universal brotherhood and oneness. Emotion can take very sweet and wonderful forms, it can take absolutely nasty and horrendous forms. Devotion is a way of transforming your emotion from negativity to pleasantness.  Devotion is a multiplied and enhanced version of love.

68. According to Swami Kuvalyananda Yoga helps cultivation of positive health through three integral steps: Cultivation of correct psychological attitudes ( suka , duhkha, punya and apunya ), It conditions neuro-muscular and neuro-glandular system –enabling it to withstand stress and cope in a better way. 68

69. According to Sage Patanjali Through the practice of asana we can attain a state that is beyond dualities leading to a calm and serene state of well -being      Tato dvandva anabhighataha - Yoga Darshan II: 48 69

70. 450 participants were taught asanas, pranayama, relaxation, notional correction and devotional sessions. Assessment was carried out using Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), There was an increase in PA of PANAS by 13% and OPA by 17%, NA reduced by 47% and ONA by 48 %. 70

71. 71 Emotion regulation Scale, Rosenberg self esteem scale

72. References Söderkvist S, Ohlen K,  Dimberg  U. How the Experience of Emotion is Modulated by Facial Feedback. PMID-  29497224 The occupational stress and lifestyle of anesthesiologists living in the southern district of Tamil Nadu- A pilot questionnaire-based survey Kiecolt -Glaser, Janice K et al. “Stress, inflammation, and yoga practice.” Psychosomatic medicine vol. 72,2 (2010) Morgan, Nani et al. “The effects of mind-body therapies on the immune system: meta-analysis.”  PloS one  vol. 9,7 e100903. 2 Jul. 2014 Nauts HC. Monograph no. 8. 2nd ed. New York: Cancer research institute; 1980. The beneficial effects of bacterial infections on host resistance to cancer: End results in 449 cases. 72

73. Thank you