Initial Problem of Pakistan as A Nascent State

History of Pakistan

1. Initial Problems of Pakitsan Abida Sindhu

2. Unfair boundary by Cyril Radcliffe A commission was established to divide some provinces into Pakistan and India. As most of the British officers were against the partition, so they tried to harm Pakistan in all ways. Viceroy Mountbatten was also inclined towards India. Due to this, Pakistan lost many Muslim Majority areas, including Ferozpor , Gordaspor , parts of Kashmir, and Jalandhar.

3.  Division of assets The British government divided assets between Pakistan and India. According to the agreement, Pakistan got a share of 75 Crore. Only 20 crores were transferred to Pakistan initially. Other than these, military equipment and the record were also to be transferred to Pakistan. The Indian government’s negative attitude toward the transfer of divided assets created lots of difficulty for Pakistan.

4. The issue of refugees According to sources, almost 65 lac people migrated toward Pakistan. Among which, 52 lac people migrated to Punjab. It was not an easy task for Pakistan’s government to make permanent arrangements for the resettlement of so many people. Despite limited resources, Pakistan set up refugee camps for the migrants and provided them with food and healthcare.

5. Communal Rioting When the division of Punjab was decided, Muslims living in the Indian side of Punjab started the migration to Pakistani Punjab. Hindus and Sikhs started killing Muslims. Men and children were killed. Women were raped. Countless Muslim caravans and Muslim trains traveling to Pakistan were killed entirely. This resulted in more than 5 lac deaths in time less than one month.

6. Forceful annexation of princely states by India A coastal princely state present 300km away from Karachi decided to join Pakistan, but India did not accept the state’s decision and therefore forcefully took control of India. This step of India was entirely against the principle that states can decide whether they want to join Pakistan or India. In the same way, India again violated the principles of states’ annexation when Nizam of Hyderabad decided not to join Pakistan and India. India forcefully took control of Hyderabad also.

7. Water crisis Pakistan started facing water when on the morning of 1st April 1948, India closed the headworks of the rivers of Pakistan. This caused significant damage to crops in Punjab. India started demanding money for the water that Pakistan uses. For the permanent solution to this problem, Pakistan took the help of the united nations, and a treaty called the “Indus Waters Treaty” was signed on 19th September 1960 in Karachi.

8.  Language Problem At the time of independence, more than 70 languages ​​were spoken in Pakistan. But in the 1956 constitution, only Urdu was given the status of the national language. This sparked hatred in the hearts of Bengalis living in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), which resulted in many riots and, in the end, the formation of Bangladesh. The leaders mishandled the whole situation, and the riots resulted in deaths.

9.  Choosing the capital of the country One of Pakistan’s biggest and list problems after independence was that it did not have many developed cities like India. So Pakistani leaders have only a few choices of cities as capital. Karachi was chosen as the capital, and the officers and officials came from Dehli to Karachi to set up the government capital. There was a lack of records, offices, furniture. Some of the government offices were also established in military barracks during that hard time. Later precisely, after 20 years of partition, on 14th august 1967, Islamabad became the second capital of Pakistan under the rule of Ayub khan.

10.  Economic problems When Pakistan became independent, India refused to give Pakistan a fair share of national wealth. Also, the areas coming under the Pakistan section were mostly agricultural areas with very few industries. Due to which Pakistan faced a lot of economic problems.

11. Death of Quaid E Azam and Liaqat Ali Khan Quaid-e-Azam died almost one year after Pakistan’s independence, and Nawab Zada Liaqat Ali Khan was also assassinated in Company Bagh Rawalpindi in 1951 while addressing a crowd of more than 1 lac people. Due to these two leaders’ unfortunate death, Pakistan experienced a lack of leaders that were sincere to the country. The country went into chaos at the hand of bureaucracy and insincere leaders. Experts believe that Pakistan deviated away from the path to become a welfare state due to the early death of Quaid and Liaquat Ali khan

12. Constitution-making One of the most severe problems faced by the initial Pakistani people was the lack of a constitution. Therefore, some amendments were temporarily done in the Indian act of 1935 and were enacted as an interim constitution.

13. Defence of boundaries As soon as Pakistan became independent, it became concerned about defending its borders as there were problems on the eastern and western borders. In the West, Afghanistan refused to recognize Pakistan and was the only country to oppose Pakistan’s membership in the United Nations. The situation with India in the East was also not good for a few reasons. There was also a lack of modern military equipment. So defending the boundaries of Pakistan became a big problem at that time.