Ink Preparation by Rajalakshmi

Class XII - Chemistry Investigatory Project - Thrishul study center Rajapalayam.

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
PREPARATION OF INK
s______________



SUBMITTED BY
V.SHRI RAJALAKSMI
CLASS - XII
Academic Year 2021-2022

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.S.AMUTHA RANI, M.Sc, B.Ed

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM

3. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY





MAHARISHI VIDYA M ANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM
CERTIFICATE

This is certify that V.SHRI RAJALAKSHMIof Class XII has
prepared the report on the project entitled “PREPARATION OF
INK”. The report is the result of her effort and endeavours.
The report is found worthly of acceptance as final project
report for the subject Chemistry of Class XII. She has
prepared the report under my guidance.




Mrs.S.AMUTHA RANI, M.Sc, B.Ed
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM

4. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY





MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
RAJAPALAYAM

CERTIFICATE
The project report entitled “PREPARATION OF INK” Submitted
by V.SHRI RAJALAKSHMIof Class XII for the CBSE Senior
Secondary School Examination class XII of Chemistry at
Maharishi Vidya Mandir,Rajapalayam has been examined.





SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarly I would like thank God for being able to complete this
project with success.

Then I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and
graduate to my Chemistry teacher Mrs.S.Amutha rani for her
able guidance and support in completing my project. Her
constant guidance and willingness to share her vast knowlege
made me understand this project and its manifestations in great
depths and helped me to complete assigned task on time.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to the Principle
sir Shri V. Suresh , for providing me all the facility that was
required.
Then I would like to thank my parents and my brother
who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates
who have helped me a lot.





V.SHRI RAJALAKSHMI
CLASS XII

7. INTRODUCTION


“Pen is mightier than sword”, so what makes the pen mightier? Yes it is
the Wonderful ink ¸Now – a day’s ink is used many times for writing,
but don’t know where does it come from or how is it prepared? So, this
project will explain the manufacturing of types of inks, uses and
properties of Ink.




INK

Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and / or dyes and is used to
colour a surface toproduce an image, text, or design.
Ink is used for drawing and / or writing with a pen,
brush, orquill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used
extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.Ink
is an essential item for students, teachers, authors and
others. Ink was first, used by theEgyptians around
4000 years ago. India ink was first invented in

8. China, but the Englishterm ink was coined due to their later trade with
India.


INK PREPARATION IN ANCIENT TIMES

The history of inks can be traced back to the 12th century BC, cave drawings
(Ajanta caves) in prehistoric times would not have been possible without a dye
or pigment base. The first dyes and pigments were made out of plants and
minerals such as fruit and vegetable juices. Ancient inks were also made
fromanimal parts or excretions from squid and octopus and the blood from
shellfish and mineral offset ink based on such materials as graphite that were
ground with water and applied with ink brushes. Evidence for the earliest Chinese
inks, similar to modern ink sticks, is around 256 BC in the end of the Warring
States Period and produced using manual labour from soot and animal glue.
About 1,600 years ago, a popular ink recipe was created. The recipe was used for
centuries. Iron salts, such as ferrous sulphate (made by treating iron with
sulphuric acid), were mixed with tanninfrom gallnuts (they grow on trees) and a
thickener. When first put to paper, this ink is bluish-black. Over time it fades to a
dull brown.
The first writing ink was invented in 2500 B. C. by the Egyptians and the Chinese.
It is believed that this ink was made by mixing carbon with gum. It was then
shaped into sticks and dried, before use it was dipped in water and made ready for
writing. Chinese inventor Tien- Lcheu was the one who made the ink by mixing
soot from pine trees and lamp oils. Gelatine was also used with this mixture.
Gelatin was made from donkey’s skin and musk. The black writing ink gained
popularity by 1200 B. C. and people tried changing it by changing the ingredients
to natural dyes, adding different colors which they got from minerals and plants.
Nutgalls, iron salts and gum were also added to this recipe and it became the
standard formula for the writing ink for a number of years.
In India ink commonly called “masi” has been in use since 4
th
century. This was
made of burnt bones, tar and other substances. The oldest form of ink known as
India ink or China ink is still used in China and Japan with a small brush.
Architects, artists and engineers use this ink because of its bright colour and
permanence.

9. USES OF INK
“Ink is a huge part of our everyday lives. Without it we wouldn't be able to print
money, make road signs, or mail packages.”
Ink is used widely in following aspects:
i. Printer Cartridges - Printers use ink-filled cartridges to add color to
paper.
ii. Tattoos - Tattoo artists create tattoos by placing ink beneath the skin with
tiny needles.
iii. Art - Many art supplies contain ink, including pens, printing machines,
markers, stamp pads
and sometimes
paints.

CLASSIFICATION OF INK

Ink can be broadly classified into two types:
i) On the basis of Manufacturing (Modern times)
ii) On the basis of Uses (Colours)

10. AIM : PREPARATION OF INK

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED :
(i) Glue: Gum is dissolved in hot water and this results in a sticky solution.
Mixing of this in an ink solution, helps in many ways - the ink turns
bright, the color of ink does not fade with time ,The flow of ink is
maintained smooth.
(ii) Glycerine: Sometimes, glycerine is also used in preparing ink. The
mixing of glycerine checks the early drying of ink. This is mainly used
in preparing the stamp pad inks.
(iii) Alcohol : Spirit or alcohol is mixed in ink because it helps in :Quick
drying of ink, and the ink does not diffuse on papers after writing.
(iv) Boric or carbolic acids: The principal constituents of ink are organic in
nature. The breakdown of these materials spoils the ink and this causes
deposition of constituents in fountain pen of in the ink pot.
Incorporation of boric or carbolic acid to the ink preparation checks this
problem.
(v) Scented materials: The organic decay of ink gives it sometimes, foul
smell. To avoid this, scented materials are incorporated at the time of
ink preparation.
(vi) Blue-black color - Naphtha blue-black ink
(vii) Four Test tubes and a Beaker.

11. PROCEDURE:

1. Dissolve 250 gm of tannic acid and 80 gm of Gallic acid in about 5 liters
of distilled water.
2. To this solution 250 ml dilute HCl is added.
3. Dissolve in a separate container 300 gm ferrous sulphate, 20 gm carbolic
acid about 4 liters of water.
4. In a third container, the desired color is dissolved in a little water.
5. All the three solutions are mixed together.Also add a little of glue solution,
alcohol, scented material, mix well, filter and keep the filtrate for a few
days.
6. Filter once again and store in bottles. The ink is ready for use.


“Ink formulas are made using a base like water that's needed to absorb dyes or pigments and
other chemicals that aide in the drying time, texture, and preservation of the ink.”

PREPARATION OF INK AT HOME:

1. Add hot distilled water to the bowl of lampblack (you can make your own by
completely burning paper or wood) - stop adding water before you think you should
and if you, accidentally, get too much water, add more lampblack.
2. Mix until the water is an inky black (lampblack floats and is difficult to dissolve).
3. Once the water is inky black, add a small amount of gum Arabic and mix until the
gum has been dissolved in the warm liquid (this homemade ink should be the same
consistency as commercially prepared ink).
4. Store the ink in a small glass bottle for future use. A variant of this recipe is: mix
together one egg yolk, one tablespoon gum Arabic and 1/2 cup honey; then stir in 1/2
tablespoon lampblack: this will produce a thick paste which you can store in a sealed
container.

12. 5. To use the ink, mix this paste with a small amount
of water to achieve the desired consistency.
Also, some fruits/ nuts can be used
to prepare ink:
1. Berry Ink. Use 1/2 cup fresh
berries or thawed frozen berries;
push them through a strainer so
that you get pulp-free juice. Add
1/2 teaspoon of vinegar (to hold
color) and 1/2 teaspoon salt (as a
preservative) and mix well. You can
use a glass baby food jar as your
‘inkwell’, if you have one.


2. Walnut Ink. Crush the shells
of 12 walnuts by putting them in a
sock and hammering them lightly.
Pour the shells into a saucepan and cover them with water, then let
them simmer for 30 minutes. After that, remove them from heat and
let them soak overnight. Strain the
shells out of the ink and add 1/4
teaspoon of vinegar to help preserve
the colour.








OBSERVATION :

An ink's colour is a function of the pigment used, and
an ink's other optical properties are primarily
determined by the pigment characteristics. An
important consideration is colour matching, or the

13. ability to precisely duplicate another colour. Color matching tests can be done
visually under specific lighting conditions, or utilizing a spectrophotometer and
computer programs that can match a colour wavelength-by-wavelength. Color
matching charts and ink mixing formulas and procedures are provided by various
companies.As we saw earlier, inks dry by oxidation, absorption, polymerization,
evaporation, precipitation, or any combination thereof. The suitability of an ink's
drying mechanism with a particular substrate and printing process is important
in preventing problems such as ink strike-through, ink setoff, and ink chalking.
There are three basic groups of ink:
1. Optical properties,
2. Structural properties.
3. Drying characteristics.

EFFECTS OF INK
Generally speaking, most inks aren't toxic in
small quantities and aren't life threatening.
However, pen ink and other types can be
dangerous.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns
that some types of tattoo ink can cause allergies in
certain people .
Ink are made up of several ingredients, most of them chemicals that have the potential
to be damaging to you and the environment. Some of these include sulphur;
ethoxylated acetylenic diols which modify the surface
tension of the water .
There are many adverse effects of just throwing away an
old ink or toner cartridge and heavy metals present will
pollute the soil and water when they reach landfills.Another
damaging effect of
not properly
disposing of ink
cartridges is
potential
carcinogenic said

14. by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
(i) NCERTBOOK-CLASSXIICHEMISTRY(PRIMARYSOURCE).
(ii) ERRORLESS CHEMISTRY – NEET
(iii) ALLEN CHEMISTRY – NEET
(iv) THE COMPOSITION , PREPERTIES OF INK
(v) THE MANUFACTURE OF INK