inlet and outlet.pptx

for radiology

1. JAI HIND Inlet/outlet By Virendra K Maurya

2. Intel view The pelvic inlet view demonstrates abduction/adduction and anterior/posterior displacement of the injured hemipelvis . This is obtained with the patient supine and the x-ray beam directed 45° caudal from the anteroposterior view.

3. Pelvis Outlet views The   anteroposterior outlet view  is a specialized view part of a  pelvic series  examining the iliac crest, sacrum, proximal femur, pubis, ischium and the great pelvic ring.

4. Technical factors anteroposterior axial projection centering point 5 cm distal to the superior pubic symphysis border the central ray is angled 20-35° cephalic for males and 30-45° for females (see figures 2 and 3) ensure primary beam is aligned with the image receptor

5. References https://www.wheelessonline.com/bones/inlet-and-outlet-views/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Inlet-view-of-pelvis-A-Patient-in-horizontal-supine-position-with-beam-incident-in-the_fig1_262598650 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2255497115303189 https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pelvis-outlet-view-1

6. Fluids IV fluids are liquids injected into a person’s veins through an IV (intravenous) tube. They prevent or treat  dehydration  and electrolyte imbalances .

7. types of IV fluids These are the most common types of IV fluid. They contain small, dissolved molecules that pass easi ly from the bloodstream into tissues and cells. Examples Normal saline , which is salt in water, D5W, which is dextrose (sugar) in water . Lactated Ringer’s, which contains sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and lactate. It’s used for aggressive fluid replacement.

8. Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Dns Infusion is a combination of two medicines: Dextrose and Sodium Chloride. They work by restoring blood plasma lost due to severe bleeding. Plasma is required to circulate red blood cells that deliver oxygen throughout the body.

9. Stochastic effects Effects that occur by chance, generally occurring without a threshold level of dose, whose probability is proportional to the dose and whose severity is independent of the dose. In the context of radiation protection, the main stochastic effects are cancer and genetic effect

10. Deterministic effects Deterministic effects  (or tissue reactions) of ionising   radiation  are related directly to the absorbed  radiation dose  and the severity of the effect increases as the dose increases. A deterministic effect typically has a threshold (of the order of magnitude of 0.1 Gy or higher) below which the effect does not occur. Deterministic effects are based on tissue damage.