Innovations in Public Transportation

Made by SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI
Mtech 2nd sem
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
NIT WARANGAL

1. Innovations In Public Transportation SEMINAR PRESENTATION Made By- Shrikrishna Kesharwani Roll No.- 22CEM3R23 M.Tech , First Year Transportation Division Department of Civil Engineering NIT Warangal Academic Year- 2023 Under the Guidance of - Dr. C.S.R.K. Prasad Sir TOPIC-

2. NITW 2 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI FLOW OF PRESENTATION INTRODUCTION POLICIES EVOLUTION INNOVATIONS CHALLENGES LIERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES SUMMARY

3. INTODUCTION Public transport is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public unlike private transport, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes , and that charge a posted fee for each trip. NITW 3 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI WHAT IS PUBLIC TRANSPORT ? SOURCE- Lee et al. (2006) .

4. NEED FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION NITW TRAFFIC CONGESTION RISING FUEL COSTS LIMITED PARKING EQUITY ISSUES ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Public transportation is important in urban areas as it provides accessible, affordable, and sustainable transportation options, reduces traffic congestion, and has economic benefits . 4 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- Sinha (2004 ).

5. SPACE REQUIRED TO TRANSPORT 60 PEOPLE BUS BICYCLES CARS NITW SOURCE- CYCLING PROMOTION FUND, LINKEDIN

6. EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 7000 - 3000 BCE 1860 1891 2001 1888 1990 2023 2004 FUTURE ? 6 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI CART RICKSAW TRAIN BULLET TRAIN BTS SKY TRAIN MAGLEV BOAT TRAM STREET CAR PUBLIC BUS MRT METRO BUS ELECTRIC

7. POLICIES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION NITW 7 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI UDPFI, 1996 Modal Split by Public Transport City Size Recommended Modal Split for PT, % Below 1 million 30% Around 1 million 35% 1.5 million 40% + 3.0 million 50% + 6.0 million 70% + 9.0 million 75% + (85% with a Mass Transit System) By mixing uses of land to an optimum level, decreasing trip generation and high population density making mass rapid transit systems technically and economically viable. URDPFI Guidelines, 2015 Compact City Approach SOURCE- Government of India. (1996 ). Urban development plans formulation and implementation (UDPFI) guidelines. SOURCE- Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. (2015). Model Town Planning Scheme and URDPFI Guidelines.

8. National Urban Transport Policy (2014) • Planning for MRT • Common MRT Technologies • Water Transport • PT for Hill Cities • Promoting Technologies for PT Modes • Choice of MRT mode • Multi-Modal Integrated MRT Network NITW SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI 8 • Role of Para-transit • Battery Operated Low Capacity Vehicles • Regional & Sub-Urban Connectivity • First and Last mile connectivity • Quality and pricing of PT • Use of Clean Fuel and Clean Vehicle Technology SOURCE- Government of India. (2014). National Urban Transport Policy ..

9. NITW SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI PUBLIC TRANSPORT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (NTDPC, 2032) Renovation of railways stations Renovation of areas surrounding stations 9 Improving public -transport accessibility in existing settlements New public transport oriented settlements SOURCE- National Transit Oriented Development Policy. (2013). Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India...

10. CHALLENGES FOR INNOVATION IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION NITW 10 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI FUNDING INFRASTRUCTURE REGULATIONS USER ACCEPTANCE INTEGRATION DATA PRIVACY EQUITY SOURCE- Ceder (2004)

11. Innovations In Public Transportation BENEFITS CHALLENGES Innovation in public transportation refers to the implementation of new technologies and strategies to enhance the efficiency, safety, and accessibility of transportation systems. These may include electric buses, mobile payment systems, real-time tracking and monitoring, autonomous vehicles, and data analytics. NITW 11 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

12. ELECTRIC AND HYBRID BUSES ADVANTAGES Environmental benefits Cost savings Quieter rides Potential for renewable energy Improved energy efficiency NITW DISADVANTAGES Higher upfront cost Limited range Charging infrastructure requirements Potential challenges in extreme weather conditions 12 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- Kühne (2010)

13. CONTACTLESS PAYMENT SYSTEMS ADVANTAGES Convenience Faster boarding times Reduced cash handling costs Improved data collection NITW DISADVANTAGES Limited access Potential for fraud Infrastructure requirements Potential for technical difficulties 13 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- Lusikka et al. (2019)

14. REAL-TIME INFORMATION ADVANTAGES Improved passenger experience Increased efficiency Reduced uncertainty Improved accessibility NITW DISADVANTAGES Technical issues Implementation costs Security concerns Accessibility barriers 14 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

15. AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES ADVANTAGES Improved safety Increased efficiency Reduced operating costs Improved accessibility NITW DISADVANTAGES Technical issues High upfront costs Safety concerns Job displacement 15 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- Site et al. (2011)

16. INTEGRATED FARE SYSTEMS ADVANTAGES Convenience Cost savings Increased ridership Improved data collection NITW DISADVANTAGES Implementation costs Technical challenges Equity concerns Privacy concerns 16 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- Lusikka et al. (2019)

17. MOBILITY AS A SERVICE (MAAS) 17 Mobility as a service ( MaaS ) is a type of service that, through a joint digital channel, enables users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types of mobility services, eg - Travel Buddy app of London, UK

18. Emerging technologies NITW SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI 18 Hyperloop is a proposed mode of transportation that uses high-speed trains or pods to travel through a low-pressure tube or tunnel, allowing for speeds of up to 700 miles per hour or more, with potential benefits such as increased speed and efficiency, reduced congestion, and cost-effectiveness, but challenges such as technical, safety, cost, and accessibility concerns must also be addressed. SOURCE- Goeverden et al. (2018)

19. Emerging technologies NITW SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI 19 Drones are being explored as a potential mode of public transportation for short trips in urban areas, with potential benefits such as reduced traffic congestion, increased efficiency, and lower costs, but challenges such as regulatory hurdles, safety concerns, and limited payload capacity must also be addressed. SOURCE- Goeverden et al. (2018)

20. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES NITW 20 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

21. NAME AUTHOR OBSERVATIONS Innovative land use and public transportation policy Rabinovitch (1996 ) Examines the successful approach of Curitiba, Brazil, to urban planning and public transportation as an integrated system, highlighting the importance of incremental change and prioritizing effective transport over particular vehicles. Innovative Solutions for Public Transport; Curitiba, Brazil Friberg (2000) Discusses how Curitiba, Brazil has successfully created a privately owned public transport system through innovative solutions and long-term planning, making it a model for other cities to consider. The success is due to practical reasons such as efficiency, coverage, and affordability, but the increasing number of cars may pose a threat to the system's success and the city's environment. Sustainability and Urban Public Transportation Sinha (2003) Suggests that changes in land use, pricing mechanisms, and technological innovations can be effective in slowing or reversing the growth in private automobiles and making public transit more attractive and viable. Additionally, the paper highlights the need for a comprehensive approach involving multiple factors such as land use, transportation planning, pricing, technology, and management innovations to achieve sustainable transportation systems in cities worldwide.. New Urban Public Transportation Systems: Initiatives, Effectiveness, and Challenges Ceder (2004) Auckland, a sizable New Zealand city that is dealing with worsening traffic congestion and pollution. Auckland develop a combination of rail and tube systems throughout time, together with feeder and distributor bus lines.

22. NAME AUTHOR OBSERVATIONS Sao Paulo Metro: A successful public transportation system Pereira (2004) Discusses the Sao Paulo Metro in Brazil, its development, and its benefits as a successful public transportation system. It highlights the positive impact it has had on reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and noise levels in the city, as well as improving accessibility and mobility for residents, contributing to their overall well-being. Sustainability , public transportation and Technological innovations Sinha (2004) Discusses how technology can help make public transportation more eco-friendly. The paper explores different technologies, such as electric buses and intelligent transportation systems, that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make public transportation more efficient, but also highlights the challenges that come with implementing these technologies. Opportunities for innovation in public transport: Effects of regulatory reforms on innovative capabilities, Ongkittikul & Geerlings (2006) The paper talks about how changes in the rules and regulations of public transport can affect the ability of the industry to come up with new and better ways to serve people. It looks at different types of innovations, like making better technology or training workers better, and compares how these things have happened in different countries.. Innovative public transport oriented policies in Seoul Lee et al. (2006) Discuss a number of policies, including those that promote the use of public transport, such as Bus Rapid Transit, Bus Management, Skip Stop Systems in Subways, and New Fare Systems in Public Transport, as well as those that discourage it, such as the elimination of an urban motorway, Tunnel Pricing, and Parking Policy.

23. NAME AUTHOR OBSERVATIONS Bus Public Transport Energy Consumption and Emissions versus Individual Transportation Silva et al. (2008) Discusses a study comparing the energy consumption and emissions of urban diesel buses and light duty vehicles, concluding that the more efficient mode of transport depends on the number of passengers being transported. Electric buses: An energy efficient urban transportation means Kühne ( 2010) Suggests investigating the use of modern trolley bus systems in Germany for sustainable urban transportation due to their environmentally-friendly and energy-saving nature, ease of integration, and high efficiency in improving existing networks and connecting new areas. Users’ preferences towards innovative and conventional public transport Site et al. (2011) The paper looks at what people like more, new or old public transport systems, with a focus on a new system being tested in Rome, and shows that people prefer newer systems that are comfortable. Innovative Concepts in First-Last Mile Connections to Public Transportation Lesh . (2013) Discusses the challenges in public transportation and proposes innovative solutions (like bike-sharing programs, on-demand shuttle services, autonomous vehicles, mobility hubs, and improved pedestrian infrastructure) to improve access and mobility, reduce vehicle miles traveled, and address environmental concerns.. Public transportation systems for urban planners and designers: the urban morphology of public transportation systems Stojanovsk (2013) Discusses the importance of designing public transportation systems that reflect the urban morphology of a city, and the role of urban planners and designers in creating such systems.

24. NAME AUTHOR OBSERVATIONS The role of passenger-centric innovation in the future of public transport Camacho et al. (2016) Emphasizes the importance of passenger-centric innovation in public transport, which focuses on enhancing the service based on passengers' evolving needs, desires, and values. It calls for an interdisciplinary approach to research and design to overcome barriers and achieve a future where passenger-centric innovation is valued in the public transport industry. Innovative public transport in Europe, Asia and Latin America: a survey of recent implementations Pasquale et al.(2016) The paper surveys recent innovative solutions implemented in urban public transport in Europe, Asia, and Latin America, and discusses the need for collaboration between regions to overcome barriers such as lack of knowledge on priorities and lack of standardization and interoperability. Standardization and interoperability can help reduce costs of investments and make up for chronic infrastructure deficits. Moving Citizens and Deterring Criminals: Innovation in Public Transport Facilities Bacarreza & Urrego (2016) The paper explores the relationship between public transport innovations and crime reduction in cities through case studies of innovative transport systems from different cities around the world. The authors find that innovative public transport facilities can help deter crime and enhance the safety and well-being of commuters. Transport innovations and their effect on cities: the emergence of urban linear ferries worldwide Tanko & Burke (2017) The paper discusses a new type of transportation system called "urban linear ferries" that operate on waterways in cities. Potential benefits of urban linear ferries in reducing travel times and improving access to waterfront areas, and provide examples of cities where they have already been implemented.

25. NAME AUTHOR OBSERVATIONS The transition to zero-emission buses in public transport - The need for institutional innovation Bakkera & Konings (2017) Explores the role of institutions in the implementation of zero-emission buses in public transport, and suggests institutional innovation as a means of overcoming the barriers to their large-scale adoption. Analysis and modelling of performances of the HL (Hyperloop) transport system Goeverden et al. (2018) The Hyperloop system has potential as a sustainable mode of transport, but its low capacity and high infrastructure costs may limit its application to the premium passenger market, and further research is needed to improve its operational, financial, and social/environmental performances. Public Transportation Education: Inventory and Recommendations on Curricula Beiler (2018) Explores the current state of public transportation engineering courses in the US and provides recommendations for future course development. The study suggests that the inclusion of new topics and the development of courses for undergraduate students can attract and prepare future public transportation engineers, leading to improved accessibility and availability of public transportation courses. Public transport innovation platform boosting Intelligent Transport System value chains Lusikka et al. (2019) The paper discusses the use of open innovation platforms in public transport to create more value through collaboration and presents a new added value description, the "Value Ramp," for testing and development of ITS in a real operating environment.

26. NAME AUTHOR OBSERVATIONS Investigating the preferences of individuals on public transport innovations using the Maximum Difference Scaling method Tsafarakis et al. (2019) The paper explores what people in Europe like and dislike about public transport, and how it can be improved. The findings can help make public transport better and more attractive to people. Evaluation of innovative ideas for Public Transport proposed by citizens using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Nalmpantis et al. (2019) Discusses how citizens can generate innovative ideas for public transport through participatory techniques and the need to rank these ideas for implementation. The paper used the Analytic Hierarchy Process to rank the ideas based on feasibility, utility, and innovativeness, providing valuable insight into integrating innovation with public transport to make it more attractive and increase its use. Public Transportation Analysis Based on Social Media Data Zhang et al.(2019) Explains how social media data can be used to analyze public transportation issues. The researchers collected data from social media, analyzed it, and proposed ways to improve the Nanjing subway system based on their findings such as improving metro operation management, station safety management, auxiliary facility management, and emergency handling. Service innovation in digitalized product platforms: An illustration of the implications of generativity on remote diagnostics of public transport buses Chowdhury et al. (2021) It explains how digital technology is enabling companies to create new services Suggests that to do this successfully, companies need to involve customers and have a mindset that focuses on providing services instead of just selling products.

27. CASE STUDY Curitiba is a city in southern Brazil with a population of over 1.9 million people. The city is known for its innovative approach to urban planning, particularly its use of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. The Curitiba BRT is a unique model that has been replicated in cities around the world. NITW 27 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI WHY CURITIBA? First BRTS Implemented In the world Land use and Transportation Integration Use of various kinds of innovations to make the BRTS Travel efficient. CURITIBA BRAZIL SOURCE- Rabinovitch (1996 )

28. BACKGROUND The Curitiba BRT system was developed in the 1970s, during the city's urban planning renaissance. The system was designed to be a cost-effective alternative to traditional rail-based transit systems. The BRT system consists of dedicated bus lanes, stations with level boarding, and prepaid fare collection. The system's buses are also equipped with features such as air conditioning, Wi-Fi, and bike racks. NITW 28 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- CURITIBA , BRAZIL BRT CASE STUDY. ( n.d . ).,

29. With less traffic congestion, buses and vehicles could travel around the city more effectively because to the system's network of roadways. The idea of three highways running parallel to one another in each direction is the foundation of the trinary road system. NITW 29 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI TRINARY ROAD SYSTEM Started 1974 Busway length 72 Km Daily Passengers >20,00,000 Avg. Speed 25 km/hr Headway 50- sec. headway at peak times 2 to 3 minutes at other times at the central station Bus/Bus stops 2000 bus 200+ bus tubes 25 terminals Management Contract basis but owned by govt. Features Bus Colouring Hierarchical network busways on the local streets. Land use control along the busways SOURCE- CURITIBA , BRAZIL BRT CASE STUDY. ( n.d. ). Retrieved May 4, 2023,

30. Innovations used in the Curitiba’s BRTS system Buses runs on biofuel made entirely from soy in its buses. 30% reduction in GHG Emission. Ecologically friendly since it utilizes low-emission buses and reduces traffic H as begun using electric buses. With an aim of having a 100% electric fleet by 2025, NITW 30 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI S ingle fee structure that enables users to go anywhere within the network, which spans more than 40 kilometers. S mart card system A utomatic ticket vending machines at stations and terminals . Most notably, the entire system is financed by fares and operates without any subsidies. SOURCE- https ://development.asia/case-study/what-worlds-first-bus-rapid-transit-system-can-teach-us

31. Innovations used in the Curitiba’s BRTS system All BRT stations will have signature "tube" stations and closed terminals to promote integration level boarding. It has become as a city icon. NITW 31 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI The inclusion of wheelchair accessible ramps in the Curitiba BRT system has made public transportation more accessible and convenient for people with disabilities. SOURCE- https ://development.asia/case-study/what-worlds-first-bus-rapid-transit-system-can-teach-us

32. Impact of BRTS on the city Curitiba The city has benefited economically from the BRT system. Better transport infrastructure has boosted corporate efficiency and made it simpler for locals to access employment opportunities. Because of the system's accessibility to all income levels and affordability, the city's economic gaps have been lessened . The BRT system has improved citizens' quality of life , which is another effect. Residents now have more time to interact with their family and engage in other activities because to shortened travel distances and increased dependability. NITW 32 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI SOURCE- https ://development.asia/case-study/what-worlds-first-bus-rapid-transit-system-can-teach-us

33. CASE STUDY Since its inception, the BRT system in Curitiba has continued to develop and grow. The network has grown to include more routes, and it is also connected with other types of transportation including bike-sharing schemes. The Curitiba BRT system has completely changed the city. The environment, the economy, and the quality of life for locals have all benefited from the increased transit infrastructure. Due to its success, other cities all around the world also use the approach as a guide. NITW 33. SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI CURITIBA BRAZIL Future Prospects SOURCE- FRIBERG , ( n.d. ).

34. Accessible ticket machines in Stockholm These devices offer a variety of features that adapt to the requirements of persons with physical and sensory disabilities and were developed and tested in collaboration with organizations for handicapped people . C reating of a more inclusive and accessible public transportation network NITW 34 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

35. NITW ECO-FRIENDLY EV FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT NITW 35 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

36. SUMMARY The collection of papers explores various aspects of sustainable urban transportation, including the use of trolley bus systems, open innovation platforms, zero-emission buses, the Hyperloop, , the application of new business models, the use of data and technology, and environmental measures and energy-efficient modes of transport. The papers suggest that institutional innovation, collaboration, and further research are necessary to overcome barriers and improve the operational, financial, and environmental performances of these sustainable transportation options . Case study examines Curitiba, Brazil's Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, a cutting-edge urban transportation technology that is largely regarded as a success in the transportation sector. Public transportation is an essential service that provides access to mobility for millions of people around the world. The challenges facing public transportation in India and around the world are significant, but there are also many opportunities for innovation and improvement. By investing in infrastructure, technology, and quality of service, we can create a more efficient, sustainable world. NITW 36 SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

37. THANK YOU NITW END SHRIKRISHNA KESHARWANI

38. REFERENCES- Bakker , S., & Konings , R. (2018). The transition to zero-emission buses in public transport – The need for institutional innovation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 64, 204–215 CURITIBA , BRAZIL BRT CASE STUDY. ( n.d. ). Retrieved May 4, 2023, Camacho , T., Foth , M., Rakotonirainy , A., Rittenbruch , M., & Bunker, J. (2016). The role of passenger-centric innovation in the future of public transport. Public Transport, 8(3), 453–475 Canavire-Bacarreza , G., Bank, W., & Urrego , J. A. (2016). Moving Citizens and Deterring Criminals: Innovation in Public Transport Facilities. Ceder , A. (2004). New Urban Public Transportation Systems: Initiatives, Effectiveness, and Challenges. Chowdhury , S., Åkesson , M., & Thomsen, M. (2021). Service innovation in digitalized product platforms: An illustration of the implications of generativity on remote diagnostics of public transport buses. Technology in Society, 65. Site , P., Filippi , F., & Giustiniani , G. (2011). Users’ preferences towards innovative and conventional public transport. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, 906–915 Di Pasquale, G., Santos, A. S. dos, Leal, A. G., & Tozzi , M. (2016). Innovative Public Transport in Europe, Asia and Latin America: A Survey of Recent Implementations. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 3284–3293 . FRIBERG , L. ( n.d. ). Innovative Solutions for Public Transport; Curitiba, Brazil. Kühne , R. (2010). Electric buses - An energy efficient urban transportation means. Energy, 35(12), 4510–4513. Lee , S., Lee, S., & Lee, Y. I. (2006). Innovative public transport oriented policies in Seoul. Transportation, 33(2), 189–204. Lesh , M. C. (2013). Innovative Concepts in First-Last Mile Connections to Public Transportation. Lorenzini , A., Sala, L., Brooke, S., Cottrill , C., & Wright, S. ( n.d. ). Compilation of 51 case study profiles; overviews and in-depth investigations.

39. Lusikka , T., Kinnunen , T. K., & Kostiainen , J. (2020). Public transport innovation platform boosting Intelligent Transport System value chains. Utilities Policy, 62. Nalmpantis , D., Roukouni , A., Genitsaris , E., Stamelou , A., & Naniopoulos , A. (2019). Evaluation of innovative ideas for Public Transport proposed by citizens using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). European Transport Research Review, 11(1). Ongkittikul , S., & Geerlings , H. (2006). Opportunities for innovation in public transport: Effects of regulatory reforms on innovative capabilities. Transport Policy, 13(4), 283–293. Oswald Beiler , M. R. (2018). Public Transportation Education: Inventory and Recommendations on Curricula. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 144(3). P ereira , arnaldo . (2004). Sao Paulo Metro: A successful public transportation system. Rabinovitch , J. (1996). Innovative land use and public transport policy The case of Curitiba, Brazil (Vol. 13, Issue 1). Silva , C., Bravo, J., Gonçalves , G., Farias, T., & Mendes-Lopes, J. (2008). Bus Public Transport Energy Consumption and Emissions versus Individual Transportation. S inha , K. C. (2004). Sustainability, public transportation and Technological innovations. Sinha , K. C., & Asce , F. (2003). Sustainability and Urban Public Transportation. Stojanovski , T. (2013). Public transportation systems for urban planners and designers: the urban morphology of public transportation systems. Tanko , M., & Burke, M. I. (2017). Transport innovations and their effect on cities: The emergence of urban linear ferries worldwide. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 3957–3970. Tsafarakis , S., Gkorezis , P., Nalmpantis , D., Genitsaris , E., Andronikidis , A., & Altsitsiadis , E. (2019). Investigating the preferences of individuals on public transport innovations using the Maximum Difference Scaling method. European Transport Research Review,