Input output instructions in coa btech 2nd year

This is about input output instructions

1. Input Output Instructions -23H51A66BG CSM 04

2. Introduction to Input Output Instructions Input Output instructions are fundamental to computer programming and system operations. They facilitate communication between the computer and peripheral devices. Understanding these instructions is essential for effective software development and hardware management.

3. Types of Input Output Instructions There are two primary types of I/O instructions: programmed I/O and interrupt-driven I/O. Programmed I/O requires the CPU to actively manage data transfer, which can be inefficient. Interrupt-driven I/O allows devices to signal the CPU when they are ready for data transfer, enhancing efficiency.

4. Programmed I/O Programmed I/O involves the CPU continuously checking the status of an I/O device. This method can lead to CPU idle time if the device is slow or busy. It is commonly used in applications where speed is not critical, such as simple data entry systems.

5. Interrupt-Driven I/O Interrupt-driven I/O reduces CPU idle time by allowing the device to interrupt the CPU when ready. This method is more efficient and is widely used in modern operating systems. It requires a well-defined interrupt handling mechanism to manage multiple devices effectively.

6. Direct Memory Access (DMA) DMA is a method that allows certain hardware subsystems to access system memory independently. This reduces CPU overhead and improves data transfer rates for large volumes of data. DMA is particularly useful in applications such as video streaming and disk transfers.

7. Thanks