insect pest of pigeon pea............pptx

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1. Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya RAK College of Agriculture Sehore Assignment on Insect pest of pigeon pea and their management Submitted To Dr. Bharat Lal Dept. of Entomology Submitted By Ankesh Verma M.Sc.Entomology Roll 23131901

2. Insect pest of pigeon pea and their management

3. Botanical Name – Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp . Synonym – Red gram, Tur, Arhar Origin – Africa Introduction Pigeonpea ( Arhar ) commonly known as red gram or tur is a very old crop of this country. After gram, arhar is the second most important pulse crop in the country. It is mainly eaten in the form of split pulse as ‘dal’. Seeds of arhar are also rich in iron, iodine, essential amino acids like lycine , threonine, cystine and arginine etc. Pigeon Pea

4. Crop Status India ranked first in area and production in the world with 79.65% and 67.28% of world’s acreage and production respectively. In productivity, Saint Vincent & Grenadines ranked first with 7926 kg/ha followed by Trinidad & Tobago and Malawi. The productivity of India was 587 kg/ ha.During Twelfth Plan, the country’s total area coverage and production of tur were 38.49 lakh hectares and 28.66 lakh tonnes respectively. More than 80% of tur production comes from 6 states of MS, MP, Karnataka, UP, Gujarat and Jharkhand. The state-wise trend shows that Maharashtra ranked Ist both in area and production (29.68% and 27.86%). Karnataka stand Iind for area (18.58%) and IIIrd in production (14.75%). Madhya Pradesh ranks Iind in production (15.87%). The highest yield has been recorded by Bihar (1695 kg/ha) followed by West Bengal (1450 kg/ha), Haryana (1100 kg/ha) and Gujrat (1082 kg/ha). The lowest yield has been observed in the state of A.P. (536 kg/ha) followed by C.G. (575 kg/ha) and Karnataka (591 kg/ha) (DES, 2015-16).

5. Nutritive value Protein – 22.3 %. Calcium -73 mg/100 g Fat – 1.7 % Phosphorus – 304 mg/100 g Minerals – 3.5 % Iron – 5.8 mg/100 g Fiber – 1.5 % Moisture – 13.4% Carbohydrate – 57.6 % Calorific value – 335 Kcal/100 g

6. 1. Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae : Lepidoptera Identification of the pest • Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour , laid singly. • Larva -shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Green with dark brown grey lines laterally on the body with lateral white lines and also has dark and pale bands. • Pupa – brown in colour , occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris • Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck. Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin. DISTRIBUTION: • It is observed through out the year on one or the other crops viz., peas, tomato, cotton, maize, tobacco, safflower, groundnut, chillies etc .

7. Egg,larva and adult of gram pod borer

8. LIFE CYCLE: • Yellowish shiny, sculptured eggs are laid singly on tender parts of plants. • Each female lays 300-400 eggs. • Egg period is 2-4 days. • Larval period 18-25 days. • Full grown caterpillar drops down and pupates in soil. • Pupa is dark brown and adult emerges in 6-21 days.

9. Nature of damage The young caterpillars feed on the tender foliage and as they grow they bore into the pods and destroy the seeds, while feeding it thrusts its head inside the pod leaving the rest of its body outside. Symptoms of damage: • Defoliation in early stages. • Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out. • Pods with round holes. • Bore holes on the pod Larva feeding the pod.

10. M anagement A. Initial crop growth phase • Deep summer ploughing to expose pupae in soil • Crop rotation with less favourable crops like jowar , blackgram , horsegram , dry paddy (in redgram ) B. Raising intercrops like greengram , blackgram in 7 rows in kharif redgram and jowar in 2 rows in rabi redg r am encourage and conserve natural enemies viz., Campoletis chloridae , Carcelia illote , Apanteles sauros • Raising jowar in 4 rows all around redgram crop will serve as guard crop · • In bengal gram, mustard, coriander as intercrops • Selection of tolerant varieties like ICPL – 332, LRG – 41 andvarieties with recuperating ability like LRG – 30.

11. • Clipping of a terminal twig upto one feet at 90 – 100 DAS to remove ovipositional niches (depending on moisture availability in soil) • Raising of redgram in rabi season to avoid pest. C . From flowering • Erect pheromone traps @ 10/ha to monitor the pest. • Light traps during August – September; November – December • When eggs and early instar larvae are noticed spray NSKE 5 % or neem based insecticides • Use of microbial insecticides o NPV 200 LE/ha o B.t formulation 400g or 400 ml/ac thrice at weekly interval in evenings in winter.

12. • Mechanical shaking of redgram plants and collection and destruction of dislodged grown up larvae • Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids and mixtures. • On need basis spray Chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l at initiation of flowers Quinalphos 2 ml/l or acephate 1.5 g/l at flowering A nd fruiting using 750 – 1000 l of spray fluid with High Volume sprayer. In severe incidence, indoxacarb 1 ml/l or spinosad 0.3 ml/l · • Adopt community approach.

13. REDGRAM PLUME MOTH Exelastis atomosa; Spenarches caffer Pterophoridae: Lepidoptera DISTRIBUTION: • It is a specific pest of redgram in India, A P. Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. APPEARANCE: • Moth is slender, less than 12 mm long and are grey with long narrow wings. • The forewings are divided into two parts and hindwings into three parts and provided with a fringe like border. • The full grown caterpillar is about 12 mm long greenish brown, and are fringed with short hairs and spines all over the body.

14. LIFE CYCLE: • Minute, single eggs are laid on flower buds and pods. • Egg period is 4-5 days. • Larval period is 14-30 days. • Pupation is on pod surface or burrows of infested pods. • Pupa is also fringed with short hairs. • Pupal period is 4-8 days. • Pupa looks like larva except for the colour which is brown.

15. NATURE OF DAMAGE: • Tiny caterpillar scrapes the pod surface and cuts a hole and thrusts the head into it and feeds on seed by remaining outside. • The caterpillars bore into green pods and feed on the developing seeds which are more or less completely devoured or eaten away and also feeds on flower buds. • This pest is usually found at flowering and known to cause heavy damage to redgram. • Attack by this pest can cause severe bud, flower and pod drop. • The larva never enters inside the pod and feeds remaining outside the pod.

16. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE: • Small hole on seeds. • Dropping of flower buds and flowers in severe cases. • Completely eaten and devoured seeds. MANAGEMENT • Collection of caterpillars by shaking shoots and their destruction in initial stages. • Apantels sp parasitise larvae. • Foliar sprays should commence at 50% flowering with or quinalphos 2 ml/l or carbaryl 3 g/l

17. REDGRAM POD FLY Malanagromyza obtusa (Agromyzidae: Diptera) DISTRIBUTION: • It is a major pest of redgram, soybean and cowpea. • Attack is more in north and central India and Karnataka. • In North India 80 per cent damage to crop is reported. • The other hosts are sorghum, cowpea, safflower, bhendi etc . APPEARANCE: • Adult is a black fly with strong legs and ovate abdomen. • Its eye are distinct, wings are clear veined, brownish yellow at their bases. • Maggot is creamy white in colour.

18. LIFE CYCLE: • Small black fly thrusts its minute eggs into the tissues of the tender pod and flower buds. • Fly pierces pericarp with ovipositior and lay eggs which are seen like needles projecting inwards from the pods. • Female fly lays 4 eggs per pod and 80 eggs in its life time. • Egg period is 3 days. • Larval period is 6-10 days. • Full grown maggot pupates inside larval grooves in pods. Pupal period is 8-12 days. • Adults emerge by cutting the thin spot already made by maggot.

19. NATURE OF DAMAGE: • Tiny maggots burrow into pods and feed on young seeds. • In affected pods, no visual symptoms are observed regarding its entrance. • Initially larva bores into epidermis without rupturing the seed coat. • In the second and third instar stages, the larva bores into cotyledons and in most instances one seed is sufficient for the maggot to complete its development. • The final instar larva leaves the seed pupates either in the pod cavity or in the pod wall tissue. • The damaged seeds are unfit for consumption.

20. SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE: • Discolouration of the infested pods visible in green podded varieties. • At the later stage of infestation, the holes about 1mm in diameter covered with a thin membrane readily seen on the infested pod. • Exit holes visible after the adult emergence.

21. MANAGEMENT • Early sowing in endemic areas • Removal of affected pods of first brood during winter. • Pre-pupal stage is parasitized by Euderus agromyzae and pupa is parasitized by Euderus lividus. • Foliar sprays with monocrotophos 1.5 ml/l or dimethoate 2 ml/l are effective against larva and endosulfan 2 ml/l against adult flies.

22. STEM FLY Ophiomyia phaseoli Agromyzidae: Diptera • The pest attacks the crop at early stage. • It is a major pest of cowpea, soybean, blackgram and greengram. • Eggs are thrusts into tender part of the stem/ petiole. • Maggot tunnels the stem and feeds on the internal contents. • When the stem is split open the distint tunnel can be observed along with excreta. • Drooping of the first two leaves and wilting of the plants are observed due to the damage.

23. Growing varieties like LBG-611, LBG-402 are promising against stem fly . S eed treatment with carbosulfan @ 40g/kg seed or thiamethoxam @ 4g/kg and foliar application of monocrotophos 1.6ml/l or acephate 1.5g/l are effective measures.

24. SPOTTED POD BORER Maruca vitrata Pyralidae: Lepidoptera • Moth is with dark brown forewings with white club shaped cross band along anterior margin and white hindwings with dark brown border. • The caterpillar with short hairs on black warts webs together the flowers and feeds on them. • It also bores into pods at one end and eats up the ripening seeds. • Mass excreta can be seen at the entrance of larval burrow.

25. MANAGEMENT: • Foliar spray from flower bud initiation with combination of chlorpyriphos 2.5 ml/l or quinalphos 2 ml/l or novaluron 0.75 ml/l or spinosad 0.75 ml/l or lamda cyhalothrin 1 ml/l in combination with dichlorvos 1 ml /l at wekly intervals is effective

26. REDGRAM POD BUG Cavigralla gibbosa, Riptortus linearis Coreidae: Hemiptera • Hundreds of nymphs and adults suck sap from the shoots and pods. • Shoots fade, pods shrivel and seeds with dark patch loose germination capacity due to the feeding of bugs. Symptoms of damage: • Pods with black spots • Shedding of green pods • Poorly filled pods with shriveled grains inside

27. Identification of the pest; • Brownish black and hemispherical • Nymphs – resemble dark brown ants Riptortus linearis

28. Management Collection of bugs and their destruction by dipping into kerosinized water and dusting or spraying with carbaryl 10D 10 kg/ac or foliar spray with dimethoate 2 ml/l or monocrotophos 1.5 ml /l are effective.

29. Aphid
Aphis craccivora Koch
( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) Aphids colonize the young shoots,flowers and pods and draw sap from them.The immatures are lightly dusted with wax and are light brownish. However, adults are black and shiny, up to 2 mm long and some are winged. Nymphs are smaller and light reddish brown. Abdomen is black,pigmentation often extending laterally to enclose lateral sclerites and to encircle bases of siphunculi . Antenna is about 2/3 as long as the body. Segments I, II, and apex of V are dark, segments III, IV and basal V are pale. The species can reproduce without mating in creating one generation in a week under optimum conditions. Individually, adults can produce about 100 nymphs over a lifespan of up to 30 days. Aphids seldom become economic pests, hence application of chemical pesticides may be forbidden in favour of naturally occurring ladybird beetle and chrysoperla bugs

30. Management : Aphid colonies on pigeonpea seldom thrive for long, probably because of the natural enemy activity. Rain also results in a large reduction in infestation. Several systemic insecticides,including dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/l adequately control aphids and can be used if needed.

31. Thrips Megalurothrips usitatus ( Bagnall )
( Thysanoptera : Thripidae ) Several genera and species of thrips have been recorded on pigeonpea . In India, the most common species appears to be Megalurothrips usitatus,which feeds on flowers. In eastern Africa, other Megalurothrips species are common on pigeonpea and are considered important.
Heavy infestation of thrips can lead to shedding of buds and flowers. The black adults (1 mm) and nymphs are easily seen with the naked eye,particularly when they are on yellow flower petals. One generation can be completed within 3 weeks

32. Management : In India, the population build up of thrips on pigeonpea is generally not large enough to cause substantial damage and do not, therefore,merit specific control measures. In most cases, insecticides such as endosulfan 35 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1.0 ml/l or dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/l used to control major pests also reduce thrips’ populations effectively.

33. Leaf Webber Leguminivora ptychora ( Meyr .)
(Lepidoptera : Tortricidae ) The leaf Webbers Legumnivora ptychora are known to damage the crop mostly. The moth of L. ptychora is small brown in colour that lays eggs on the leaf buds and young leaves. The larva is creamy-yellow in colour, often found binding leaves together and feeds on the chlorophyll while remaining inside the web. Leaflets are webbed together with silk and the larva feeds within the webbers . As the web often includes the terminal bud, further growth of that shoot is prevented. Infestation starts at the seedling stage and may persist to the reproductive stage when the larvae feed inside flower buds and in young pods . The fully-grown larvae pupate within web. If infestation starts at the seedling stage, the crop is severely affected and infestation remains throughout the crop season and may affect the flower buds also.

34. Management : Although leaf webbers make young pigeonpea crop look untidy, they apparently cause no yield loss, but the plants produce side shoots to compensate for the loss of terminal buds. If insecticides are not used, the build up of many parasites and predators brings this pest under control. The larvae inside the webs are well protected from contact insecticides. However, where necessary, systemic insecticides such as monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1.0 ml/l + dichlorvos 76 EC for fumigant action @ 0.5 ml/l can be applied.

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