Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop production
ChaitanyaKumbhar
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About This Presentation
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Slide Content
INSECT POLLINATORS, THEIR MANAGEMENT
AND ROLE IN CROP PRODUCTION
CREDIT
SEMINAR
Presented by:
Kumbhar Chaitanya Ramesh
M/Ento/53/2011-12
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
RAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
PUSA (SAMASTIPUR) – 848 125, BIHAR
AND ROLE IN CROP PRODUCTION
CREDIT
SEMINAR
Presented by:
Kumbhar Chaitanya Ramesh
M/Ento/53/2011-12
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
RAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
PUSA (SAMASTIPUR) – 848 125, BIHAR
Pollinators are essential for orchard,agricultural crop,
horticultural crop and forage production.
For production of seed for many root and fiber crops.
Pollinators such as bees, birds and bats affect 35 percent
of the world’s crop production, increasing outputs of 87 of
the leading food crops worldwide.
Food security, food diversity, human nutrition and food
prices all rely strongly on animal pollinators.
The consequences of pollinator declines are likely to
impact the production and costs of vitamin-rich crops like
fruits and vegetables, leading to increasingly unbalanced
diets and health problems.
horticultural crop and forage production.
For production of seed for many root and fiber crops.
Pollinators such as bees, birds and bats affect 35 percent
of the world’s crop production, increasing outputs of 87 of
the leading food crops worldwide.
Food security, food diversity, human nutrition and food
prices all rely strongly on animal pollinators.
The consequences of pollinator declines are likely to
impact the production and costs of vitamin-rich crops like
fruits and vegetables, leading to increasingly unbalanced
diets and health problems.
Cont...
Maintaining and increasing yields in horticultural crops
under agricultural development is critically important to
health, nutrition, food security and better farm incomes
for poor farmers.
In the past, pollination has been provided by nature at
no explicit cost to human communities.
As farm fields have become larger, and the use of
agricultural chemicals has increased, mounting evidence
points to a potentially serious decline in populations of
pollinators under agricultural development.
Maintaining and increasing yields in horticultural crops
under agricultural development is critically important to
health, nutrition, food security and better farm incomes
for poor farmers.
In the past, pollination has been provided by nature at
no explicit cost to human communities.
As farm fields have become larger, and the use of
agricultural chemicals has increased, mounting evidence
points to a potentially serious decline in populations of
pollinators under agricultural development.
Myth : Plants bear flowers which become fruits
We almost always take pollination for granted
We almost always take pollination for granted
What is pollination?
•Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the
male anther to the female stigma
•Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the
male anther to the female stigma
Why is pollination important?
•Sexual reproduction is important for evolution:
•Sexual reproduction produces variable
offspring, creating diversity and variation
among populations (shuffling of genes)
•You need variation for Natural Selection to
occur
•Sexual reproduction is advantageous to an
organism only if it happens with someone
other than itself!
• Out breeding = good! (inbreeding = bad…)
•Sexual reproduction is important for evolution:
•Sexual reproduction produces variable
offspring, creating diversity and variation
among populations (shuffling of genes)
•You need variation for Natural Selection to
occur
•Sexual reproduction is advantageous to an
organism only if it happens with someone
other than itself!
• Out breeding = good! (inbreeding = bad…)
Goyal, N. P. (1996)
“Annual monetary loss of Horticultural/Agricultural
Production due to lack of proper/optimum Bee
Pollination in India is 3000 crores”
“Annual monetary loss of Horticultural/Agricultural
Production due to lack of proper/optimum Bee
Pollination in India is 3000 crores”
•About a century ago, it became clear in the US that
production could increase considerably by careful
management of pollination in many fruits, seed and nut
crops.
•Size and quality of the crop improved with better
pollination.
•Agriculture areas are coming under such intensive use
that the natural habitats of pollinators are being
destroyed → scarcity of potential pollinators →
resorting of the use of bee colonies reared in boxes for
managed pollination.
•In US, the value of crops resulting directly from bee
pollination is estimated to be about 8 billion dollars
annually
Need for Pollination
production could increase considerably by careful
management of pollination in many fruits, seed and nut
crops.
•Size and quality of the crop improved with better
pollination.
•Agriculture areas are coming under such intensive use
that the natural habitats of pollinators are being
destroyed → scarcity of potential pollinators →
resorting of the use of bee colonies reared in boxes for
managed pollination.
•In US, the value of crops resulting directly from bee
pollination is estimated to be about 8 billion dollars
annually
Need for Pollination
Indian Scenario
•Recourse to pollinator management aimed at crop
production is practically unknown.
•Not much attention has been devoted to beekeeping
as such.
•Even countries like Mexico, Argentina and China are
far ahead of India in having larger number of bee
colonies.
•Research activity on pollinators in India is in a state
of neglect.
•The potential of beekeeping in augmenting the yield
of crops in the country remains to be fully exploited.
•Recourse to pollinator management aimed at crop
production is practically unknown.
•Not much attention has been devoted to beekeeping
as such.
•Even countries like Mexico, Argentina and China are
far ahead of India in having larger number of bee
colonies.
•Research activity on pollinators in India is in a state
of neglect.
•The potential of beekeeping in augmenting the yield
of crops in the country remains to be fully exploited.
Development of Apiculture
Indian Scenario
•To revive various traditional village industries, KVIB was formed in
1954
•Bee Keeping industries came on the map of village industries of
India within two decades.
•In 1981, AICP on Honey Bees Research & Training was launched by
ICAR.
•In 1994 – 95, MOA took initiative of launching CCS entitled
“Development of Beekeeping for improving Crop Productivity”
during VIII Plan
•Beekeeping Development Board functioned to coordinate
Beekeeping activities during VIII
th
Plan and continued during IX
th
Plan. (2002)
•Formation of National Bee Board as a Registered Society in 2000.
•Beekeeping activity was included under National Horticulture
Mission (NHM)May 2005. for promoting cross pollination of
Horticultural crops.
Indian Scenario
•To revive various traditional village industries, KVIB was formed in
1954
•Bee Keeping industries came on the map of village industries of
India within two decades.
•In 1981, AICP on Honey Bees Research & Training was launched by
ICAR.
•In 1994 – 95, MOA took initiative of launching CCS entitled
“Development of Beekeeping for improving Crop Productivity”
during VIII Plan
•Beekeeping Development Board functioned to coordinate
Beekeeping activities during VIII
th
Plan and continued during IX
th
Plan. (2002)
•Formation of National Bee Board as a Registered Society in 2000.
•Beekeeping activity was included under National Horticulture
Mission (NHM)May 2005. for promoting cross pollination of
Horticultural crops.
NCA Recommendations
In India, The National commission on Agriculture (1970 –
1976 ) was fully aware of the enormous potential of bee
pollination.
NCA made very important recommendations aimed at
increasing bee population and utilizing bee pollination as a
powerful instrument for higher productivity.
The National commission on Agriculture has visualized the
need for deploying about 150 million Bee Colonies for
pollination of agricultural crops in India.
The commission recommended that every Agricultural
University should develop a section on Apiculture under
Entomology Division of Research, Education and Training.
In India, The National commission on Agriculture (1970 –
1976 ) was fully aware of the enormous potential of bee
pollination.
NCA made very important recommendations aimed at
increasing bee population and utilizing bee pollination as a
powerful instrument for higher productivity.
The National commission on Agriculture has visualized the
need for deploying about 150 million Bee Colonies for
pollination of agricultural crops in India.
The commission recommended that every Agricultural
University should develop a section on Apiculture under
Entomology Division of Research, Education and Training.
Insects and Crop Pollination
Entomophily is by far the most common mean of pollen transfer and it
played a vital role in the evolution of angiosperms.
The mutual association of insect and flowers is believed to exist since 60 –
100 million years ago.
There are about 2,50,000 species of flowering plants globally which are
pollinated by 2,00,000 species of animals.
Out of 95 per cent of the flower which are cross pollinated, more than 85
per cent depend on insects for pollination.
50 per cent of the plant species propagated by seeds are dependent on
insect pollination.
1/3
rd
of the food supply is either directly or indirectly dependent on insect
pollinated plants.
Currently more than 65 per cent of all flowering plants are insect pollinated.
Many wild plant in nature are being propagated through insect pollination
which maintains the sustainability of ecosystems, environmental quality and
help in conservation of biodiversity (Free, 1993).
In India, of the 160 million hectares of the cropped area, more than 55
million is under bee dependent crops.
Bee husbandary in agricultural systems is a crucial link in food and fiber
production and sustainability (Free, 1993; Delaplane and Mayer, 2000).
Entomophily is by far the most common mean of pollen transfer and it
played a vital role in the evolution of angiosperms.
The mutual association of insect and flowers is believed to exist since 60 –
100 million years ago.
There are about 2,50,000 species of flowering plants globally which are
pollinated by 2,00,000 species of animals.
Out of 95 per cent of the flower which are cross pollinated, more than 85
per cent depend on insects for pollination.
50 per cent of the plant species propagated by seeds are dependent on
insect pollination.
1/3
rd
of the food supply is either directly or indirectly dependent on insect
pollinated plants.
Currently more than 65 per cent of all flowering plants are insect pollinated.
Many wild plant in nature are being propagated through insect pollination
which maintains the sustainability of ecosystems, environmental quality and
help in conservation of biodiversity (Free, 1993).
In India, of the 160 million hectares of the cropped area, more than 55
million is under bee dependent crops.
Bee husbandary in agricultural systems is a crucial link in food and fiber
production and sustainability (Free, 1993; Delaplane and Mayer, 2000).
Feature Reason
Large, brightly coloured petalsto attract insects
Often sweetly scented to attract insects
Usually contain nectar to attract insects
Moderate quantity of pollenless wastage than with wind
pollination
Pollen often sticky or spikyto stick to insects
Anthers firm and inside flowerto brush against insects
Stigma inside the flower so that the insect brushes
against it
Stigma has sticky coatingpollen sticks to it
Insect Pollinated Flowers
Large, brightly coloured petalsto attract insects
Often sweetly scented to attract insects
Usually contain nectar to attract insects
Moderate quantity of pollenless wastage than with wind
pollination
Pollen often sticky or spikyto stick to insects
Anthers firm and inside flowerto brush against insects
Stigma inside the flower so that the insect brushes
against it
Stigma has sticky coatingpollen sticks to it
Insect Pollinated Flowers
AGENTS OF POLLINATION
Important agents of pollen transfer:-
WIND POLLINATION
ANIMALS
BIRDS
Important agents of pollen transfer:-
WIND POLLINATION
ANIMALS
BIRDS
WIND POLLINATION
Gymnosperms and some flowering plants
(grasses, trees) use wind pollination.
Flowers are small, grouped together
Not a very efficient method
(too chancy and wasteful)
Gymnosperms and some flowering plants
(grasses, trees) use wind pollination.
Flowers are small, grouped together
Not a very efficient method
(too chancy and wasteful)
ANIMALS
Many flowering plants rely on animals
for cross-pollination:
•Insects – bees, wasps, flies, butterflies,
moths
•Birds – hummingbirds, honey creepers
•Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys
•Even some reptiles and amphibians!
Many flowering plants rely on animals
for cross-pollination:
•Insects – bees, wasps, flies, butterflies,
moths
•Birds – hummingbirds, honey creepers
•Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys
•Even some reptiles and amphibians!
Pollinators
World Crop Pollination
73% Bees - 5% beetles
19% flies - 4% birds
6.5 % bats - 5% wasps
4% butterflies and moths
World Crop Pollination
73% Bees - 5% beetles
19% flies - 4% birds
6.5 % bats - 5% wasps
4% butterflies and moths
Why do animals pollinate plants?
•They get a REWARD: food! In
exchange for moving their pollen
to another flower
•Nectar – a sugary solution produced
in special flower glands called nectaries
•Nectar concentration matches energy requirements of
the pollinator: bird- and bee-pollinated flowers have
different sugar conc.
•Pollen – is high in protein, some bees and beetles eat it.
•Flowers can produce two kinds of pollen: a normal and a
sterile, but tasty, kind, for the insect.
•They get a REWARD: food! In
exchange for moving their pollen
to another flower
•Nectar – a sugary solution produced
in special flower glands called nectaries
•Nectar concentration matches energy requirements of
the pollinator: bird- and bee-pollinated flowers have
different sugar conc.
•Pollen – is high in protein, some bees and beetles eat it.
•Flowers can produce two kinds of pollen: a normal and a
sterile, but tasty, kind, for the insect.
Mammals: bats and mice
•Bats pollinate at night,
so flowers are white
•Mouse-pollinated flowers
are usually inconspicuous,
they open at night
•Bats pollinate at night,
so flowers are white
•Mouse-pollinated flowers
are usually inconspicuous,
they open at night
Birds
•Birds have a good sense
of color, they like yellow or
red flowers…
•But birds do not have a good
sense of smell, so bird-pollinated
flowers usually have little odor.
•Flowers provide fluid nectar in
greater quantities than insects
•Hummingbird-pollinated flowers
usually have long, tubular corolla
•Pollen is large and sticky
•Birds have a good sense
of color, they like yellow or
red flowers…
•But birds do not have a good
sense of smell, so bird-pollinated
flowers usually have little odor.
•Flowers provide fluid nectar in
greater quantities than insects
•Hummingbird-pollinated flowers
usually have long, tubular corolla
•Pollen is large and sticky
Butterflies and moths
•Also guided by sight and smell
•Butterflies can see red and orange
flowers
•Usually shaped as a long tube
because of insect’s
proboscis – to get nectar
•Moth-pollinated flowers
are usually white or pale,
with sweet, strong odor –
for night pollination.
•Also guided by sight and smell
•Butterflies can see red and orange
flowers
•Usually shaped as a long tube
because of insect’s
proboscis – to get nectar
•Moth-pollinated flowers
are usually white or pale,
with sweet, strong odor –
for night pollination.
Flies and beetles
•Flies like flowers that smell
like dung or rotten meat.
•Lay their eggs there, but larvae
die due to lack of food
•Beetles pollinate flowers
that are dull in color, but
have very strong odor
•Flies like flowers that smell
like dung or rotten meat.
•Lay their eggs there, but larvae
die due to lack of food
•Beetles pollinate flowers
that are dull in color, but
have very strong odor
Animal pollinators: Bees
•Bees – are the most important group of flower
pollinators
•They live on the nectar and feed
larvae, also eat the pollen.
•Bees are guided by sight and
smell
•See yellowyellow and blue colors,
also ultraviolet light (not red)
•Flowers have
“honey guides”
and bee landing
platforms..
•Bees – are the most important group of flower
pollinators
•They live on the nectar and feed
larvae, also eat the pollen.
•Bees are guided by sight and
smell
•See yellowyellow and blue colors,
also ultraviolet light (not red)
•Flowers have
“honey guides”
and bee landing
platforms..
Insect pollinators
•Apis species- mellifera, cerana, dorsata and florea
•Stingless bees
•Bumble bees
•Alkali bees
•Scolids
•Andrenids
•Xylocopids
•Halictids
•Megachilids
•Anthophorids
•Syrphids- Episyrphus, Eristalis, Ischiodon
•Other dipterans like Musca, midges, calliphorids
•Lepidopterans
•Apis species- mellifera, cerana, dorsata and florea
•Stingless bees
•Bumble bees
•Alkali bees
•Scolids
•Andrenids
•Xylocopids
•Halictids
•Megachilids
•Anthophorids
•Syrphids- Episyrphus, Eristalis, Ischiodon
•Other dipterans like Musca, midges, calliphorids
•Lepidopterans
Fig-wasp mutualism
Fig trees (Ficus)
~750 tropical species, all of which depend entirely on wasps for pollination
Figs are not fruits – they are specialized
inflorescences with hundreds of unisexual
flowers
Fig trees (Ficus)
~750 tropical species, all of which depend entirely on wasps for pollination
Figs are not fruits – they are specialized
inflorescences with hundreds of unisexual
flowers
INSECT POLLINATORS AS IMPORTANT INPUT
IN CROPS
•About 85 per cent crop plants- cross-pollinated
•About 50 million ha of land in the country
under pollinator dependent crops especially
honey bees like fruit, vegetables, oilseeds,
legumes and pulses.
•Not all fruits develop simply as a result of ovule
fertilization
IN CROPS
•About 85 per cent crop plants- cross-pollinated
•About 50 million ha of land in the country
under pollinator dependent crops especially
honey bees like fruit, vegetables, oilseeds,
legumes and pulses.
•Not all fruits develop simply as a result of ovule
fertilization
Non- social bees
Honey bees
ApisApis spp. spp. NonNon-Apis-Apis spp. spp.
Apis floreaApis dorsata
Apis mellifera Apis cerana
Melipona sp.
Bombus sp.
ApisApis spp. spp. NonNon-Apis-Apis spp. spp.
Apis floreaApis dorsata
Apis mellifera Apis cerana
Melipona sp.
Bombus sp.
Honey Bees as Pollinators
•According to estimates the value of additional yields obtained
by pollination service rendered by honey bees is 15-20 times
more than the value of all hive products put together.
•The value of bee pollination in Western Europe is estimated to
be 30-50 times the value of honey and wax production in the
region.
•It is being increasingly realized that bees could be less
expensive input for promoting sustainable and eco-friendly
agriculture and enhancing crop productivity.
•Honey Bees play vital role in sustaining plant bio-diversity with
environmental stability.
•Crops/flowers are essentially required for development of
honey bees. In present Indian agricultural scenario honey bees
should be treated as input for over all development for
agriculture.
•According to estimates the value of additional yields obtained
by pollination service rendered by honey bees is 15-20 times
more than the value of all hive products put together.
•The value of bee pollination in Western Europe is estimated to
be 30-50 times the value of honey and wax production in the
region.
•It is being increasingly realized that bees could be less
expensive input for promoting sustainable and eco-friendly
agriculture and enhancing crop productivity.
•Honey Bees play vital role in sustaining plant bio-diversity with
environmental stability.
•Crops/flowers are essentially required for development of
honey bees. In present Indian agricultural scenario honey bees
should be treated as input for over all development for
agriculture.
Crops known to require or benefit from insect pollination.
Fruits crops Seed crops
For food, oils For propagation
and fibers
Almond
Apple
Apricot
Avocado
Blackberry
Cherry
Cranberry
Cucumbers
Currant
Dewberry
Egg plant
Gooseberry
Grape
Guava
Loquat
Mango
Muskmelon
Nectarine
Okra
Papaya
Peach
Pear
Pepper
Persimon
Plum & prune
Pumpkins
Quince
Squash
Strawberry
watermelon
Beans (horse)
Beans (Limas)
Buckwheat
Celery
Cotton
Flax
Mustard
Rape
Raya
Sunflower
Toria
Alfalfa
Asparagus
Broccoli
Brussels sprout
Buckwheat
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Celery
Clovers
Collard
Cotton
Coriander
Cucumber
Egg plant
Onion
Okra
Pepper
Pumpkin
Radish
Rape
Rutabaga
Squash
Sunflower
Sweet clover
Trefoil
Turnip
Vetches
Water-melon
Fruits crops Seed crops
For food, oils For propagation
and fibers
Almond
Apple
Apricot
Avocado
Blackberry
Cherry
Cranberry
Cucumbers
Currant
Dewberry
Egg plant
Gooseberry
Grape
Guava
Loquat
Mango
Muskmelon
Nectarine
Okra
Papaya
Peach
Pear
Pepper
Persimon
Plum & prune
Pumpkins
Quince
Squash
Strawberry
watermelon
Beans (horse)
Beans (Limas)
Buckwheat
Celery
Cotton
Flax
Mustard
Rape
Raya
Sunflower
Toria
Alfalfa
Asparagus
Broccoli
Brussels sprout
Buckwheat
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Celery
Clovers
Collard
Cotton
Coriander
Cucumber
Egg plant
Onion
Okra
Pepper
Pumpkin
Radish
Rape
Rutabaga
Squash
Sunflower
Sweet clover
Trefoil
Turnip
Vetches
Water-melon
PER CENT INCREASE IN YIELDS BY BEE POLLINATION OVER SELF
POLLINATION OF DIFFERENT FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Crop Per cent increase
(a) Orchard crops
Apple 180 to 6950
Cherry 56 to 1000
Citrus Varieties 21 to 411
Guava 70 to 140
Litchi 4538 to 10246
Orange 471 to 900
Pears 240 to 6014
Persimmon 20
Plums 6.7 to 2739
Strawberry 38 to 68
Crop Per cent increase
(c)Oilseeds
Brown mustard 13 to 222
Linseed 2 to 40
Rai 18
Rape 12 to 139
Sunflower 72 to 82
Toria 66 to 120
White mustard 128 to 152
(b) Vegetables
Asparagus 12405
Cabbage 100 to 300
Carrot 9 to 135
Onion 354 to 9878
Radish 22 to 100
Turnip 100 to 125
(d) Others
American cotton 5 to 20
Alfalfa 23 to 19733
Berseem 23 to 150
Broad beans 7 to 90
Buckwheat 63
Coffee 17 to 83
Fennel 100
Niger 24 to 173
Mishra & Garg (2002)
POLLINATION OF DIFFERENT FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Crop Per cent increase
(a) Orchard crops
Apple 180 to 6950
Cherry 56 to 1000
Citrus Varieties 21 to 411
Guava 70 to 140
Litchi 4538 to 10246
Orange 471 to 900
Pears 240 to 6014
Persimmon 20
Plums 6.7 to 2739
Strawberry 38 to 68
Crop Per cent increase
(c)Oilseeds
Brown mustard 13 to 222
Linseed 2 to 40
Rai 18
Rape 12 to 139
Sunflower 72 to 82
Toria 66 to 120
White mustard 128 to 152
(b) Vegetables
Asparagus 12405
Cabbage 100 to 300
Carrot 9 to 135
Onion 354 to 9878
Radish 22 to 100
Turnip 100 to 125
(d) Others
American cotton 5 to 20
Alfalfa 23 to 19733
Berseem 23 to 150
Broad beans 7 to 90
Buckwheat 63
Coffee 17 to 83
Fennel 100
Niger 24 to 173
Mishra & Garg (2002)
Honey Bee Potential to enhance Crop yields
In 1982
US Department of Agriculture
22,000 Bartlett Pear Trees (Virginia State)
Introduction of Bee Hives brought about a total transformation
in fruit production from zero yield to optimum yield situation.
Pollinator management have now become (comm
Applied Pollination on expression) associated
Managed Pollination with enhancing productivity
by Pollinators.
In 1982
US Department of Agriculture
22,000 Bartlett Pear Trees (Virginia State)
Introduction of Bee Hives brought about a total transformation
in fruit production from zero yield to optimum yield situation.
Pollinator management have now become (comm
Applied Pollination on expression) associated
Managed Pollination with enhancing productivity
by Pollinators.
Per cent increase in yield by bee
pollination over self pollination in Bihar
Sl.Crop % increase
in yield
No. of Apis mellifera
colony/ha required for
pollination
1.Rapeseed 26 - 31 1
2.Toria 20 - 48 1
3.Sunflower 68 - 78 4
4.Niger 24 - 42 4
5.Onion 152 - 234 8
6.Litchi 25 - 30 4
7.Citrus spp. 35 - 67 4
8.Coriander 9 - 14 2
9.Fennel 6 - 11 2
10Pigeonpea 21-30 4
Kumar, N. & Agarwal, M. L. (2012). Status report on pollination studies at RAU Pusa centre
pollination over self pollination in Bihar
Sl.Crop % increase
in yield
No. of Apis mellifera
colony/ha required for
pollination
1.Rapeseed 26 - 31 1
2.Toria 20 - 48 1
3.Sunflower 68 - 78 4
4.Niger 24 - 42 4
5.Onion 152 - 234 8
6.Litchi 25 - 30 4
7.Citrus spp. 35 - 67 4
8.Coriander 9 - 14 2
9.Fennel 6 - 11 2
10Pigeonpea 21-30 4
Kumar, N. & Agarwal, M. L. (2012). Status report on pollination studies at RAU Pusa centre
Pollination level of different crops grown in India
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Fruit crops
Almond
Coconut
Date
Guava
Jamun
Jujube
Papaya
Peach
Watermelon
Amygdalus communis
Cocus nucifera
Phoenix dactylifera
Psidium guajava
Syzygium vulgare
Ziziphus jujuba
Carjea papaya
Prunus persica
Chtrullus lanatus
No bees. No fruit
formation
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
BP increases yield
CPE
BP Bee Pollination CPE Cross Pollination Essential
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Fruit crops
Almond
Coconut
Date
Guava
Jamun
Jujube
Papaya
Peach
Watermelon
Amygdalus communis
Cocus nucifera
Phoenix dactylifera
Psidium guajava
Syzygium vulgare
Ziziphus jujuba
Carjea papaya
Prunus persica
Chtrullus lanatus
No bees. No fruit
formation
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
BP increases yield
CPE
BP Bee Pollination CPE Cross Pollination Essential
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Vegetable Crops
Balsam pear
Cabbage
Cucumber
Egg plant
Lettuce
Pumpkin
Radish
Tomato
Loofah
Bottle gourd
Momodica chrantis
Brassica oleacea
Cucumis sativum
Solanum melogena
Lectuea sativa
Cucurbita
Raphanus sativus
Lycopersicon esculentum
Luffa cylindrica
Lagenaria siceraria
CPE
CPE
CPE
CP increases production
CP increases seed production
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
Contd.
Vegetable Crops
Balsam pear
Cabbage
Cucumber
Egg plant
Lettuce
Pumpkin
Radish
Tomato
Loofah
Bottle gourd
Momodica chrantis
Brassica oleacea
Cucumis sativum
Solanum melogena
Lectuea sativa
Cucurbita
Raphanus sativus
Lycopersicon esculentum
Luffa cylindrica
Lagenaria siceraria
CPE
CPE
CPE
CP increases production
CP increases seed production
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
CPE
Contd.
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Oilseed Crops
Niger
Olive
Peanut
Sesame
Sunflower
Pulse Crops
Broad bean
Pigeonpea
Guizotia abbyssinica
Olea europeae
Arachis hypogea
Sesamum indiucm
Helianthus annus
Vicia faba
Cajnus cajan
BP increases yield
CP increases fruit set
BP increases seed yield
BP increases seed yield
BP increases yield
BP increase seed yield
BP increases seed yield
Contd.
Oilseed Crops
Niger
Olive
Peanut
Sesame
Sunflower
Pulse Crops
Broad bean
Pigeonpea
Guizotia abbyssinica
Olea europeae
Arachis hypogea
Sesamum indiucm
Helianthus annus
Vicia faba
Cajnus cajan
BP increases yield
CP increases fruit set
BP increases seed yield
BP increases seed yield
BP increases yield
BP increase seed yield
BP increases seed yield
Contd.
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Species, condiments
and beverages
Black pepper
Clove
Fennel
Tea
Piper nigrum
Syzygium aromaticum
Foeniculum vulgare
Camellia sinensis
BP essential
CPE
BP increases seed yield
CPE
Contd.
Species, condiments
and beverages
Black pepper
Clove
Fennel
Tea
Piper nigrum
Syzygium aromaticum
Foeniculum vulgare
Camellia sinensis
BP essential
CPE
BP increases seed yield
CPE
Contd.
Comman Name Scientific Name Remarks
Forage crops
Alfalfa
Barseem
Fibre Crops
Cotton
sunnhemp
Medicage sativa
Trifolium alexandrinum
Gossypium sp
Crotolairia juncea
BP increases yield
BP increases yield
BP increases yield
BP increases yield
Contd.
Forage crops
Alfalfa
Barseem
Fibre Crops
Cotton
sunnhemp
Medicage sativa
Trifolium alexandrinum
Gossypium sp
Crotolairia juncea
BP increases yield
BP increases yield
BP increases yield
BP increases yield
Contd.
Honey Bees for Hybrid Seed
Production
Cotton
Sunflower
Rapeseed – Mustard
Pigeon pea
Soybean
Broad or field bean
Production
Cotton
Sunflower
Rapeseed – Mustard
Pigeon pea
Soybean
Broad or field bean
Carrot
Onion
Cucumber
Cauliflower
Honey bees are needed for optimum seed set
in many crop hybrids, and the hybrids to be
developed should have characteristics which
can make them more attractive to bees and
other pollinators.
Contd.
Onion
Cucumber
Cauliflower
Honey bees are needed for optimum seed set
in many crop hybrids, and the hybrids to be
developed should have characteristics which
can make them more attractive to bees and
other pollinators.
Contd.
Preparing colonies for crop pollination
•Need not necessarily have much honey
•No lack of adequate space
•Swarming
•6-7 brood frames
•Up to top bars
•Unsealed brood
•Brood cells should be compact
Pollinating colony
•Need not necessarily have much honey
•No lack of adequate space
•Swarming
•6-7 brood frames
•Up to top bars
•Unsealed brood
•Brood cells should be compact
Pollinating colony
Colonies strength for pollination
•Strong
•Blanket of bees covering the tops of frames
•Every square cm. with bees
•Ready to have an extra super
•Deterioration in foraging conditions (small v/s
strong)
•Queen pheromone dilution (encourages foraging)
•Strong
•Blanket of bees covering the tops of frames
•Every square cm. with bees
•Ready to have an extra super
•Deterioration in foraging conditions (small v/s
strong)
•Queen pheromone dilution (encourages foraging)
Moving colonies to crops
•At night
•Day time necessity: hot and dry conditions
•Spraying with water
•Moving time (more than 48 hours often kills
brood)
•Moving to new site within flight range
•Reduce drifting (different directions, spacing
them apart, near land marks, different
coloured boards).
•At night
•Day time necessity: hot and dry conditions
•Spraying with water
•Moving time (more than 48 hours often kills
brood)
•Moving to new site within flight range
•Reduce drifting (different directions, spacing
them apart, near land marks, different
coloured boards).
Concentration of colonies for
pollination
•Number of colonies depend on:
•Pollination requirement of the crop
•Size of the crop
•Concentration of flowers and their attractiveness.
•Amount of nectar and pollen available
•Behaviour of bee on the crop and ability to pollinate
•Competing insect pollinators including honey bees
and crops
•Cost of obtaining the bees
•Best to over estimate rather than underestimate
•Quite variable. Normally 2-5 colonies.
pollination
•Number of colonies depend on:
•Pollination requirement of the crop
•Size of the crop
•Concentration of flowers and their attractiveness.
•Amount of nectar and pollen available
•Behaviour of bee on the crop and ability to pollinate
•Competing insect pollinators including honey bees
and crops
•Cost of obtaining the bees
•Best to over estimate rather than underestimate
•Quite variable. Normally 2-5 colonies.
Distance from crop
•Place in the crop
•Spend less time flying to and fro
•At short distances away from field leads
to reduction in proportion of bees
visiting the bees (particularly during poor
weather)
•Honey bees concentrate their activity to
near distances.
•Place in the crop
•Spend less time flying to and fro
•At short distances away from field leads
to reduction in proportion of bees
visiting the bees (particularly during poor
weather)
•Honey bees concentrate their activity to
near distances.
Pyrus mallus Orchard example
Favourable conditions
0.6 km. away weight gain 4.8to6kg.
1.2km away weight gain 0.9kg.
Unfavourable conditions
Colonies at orchards gained 1.4kg
0.6km away lost 2kg
1.2km away lost 5.5kg
Favourable conditions
0.6 km. away weight gain 4.8to6kg.
1.2km away weight gain 0.9kg.
Unfavourable conditions
Colonies at orchards gained 1.4kg
0.6km away lost 2kg
1.2km away lost 5.5kg
Conditioning colonies to a particular
crop
•Honey bees are not taken to crop until it has begun
to flower.
•Bees tend to visit the same species they did before
the shifting.
•Colonies are not taken to crop until it is flowering
sufficiently to be the predominant species in the
locality.
•Great proportions of flowers of crop are open before
the colonies are taken to it . Then fail to pollinate.
•Production of nectar and pollen time and colony
placement (hive entrances of colonies should remain
close).
crop
•Honey bees are not taken to crop until it has begun
to flower.
•Bees tend to visit the same species they did before
the shifting.
•Colonies are not taken to crop until it is flowering
sufficiently to be the predominant species in the
locality.
•Great proportions of flowers of crop are open before
the colonies are taken to it . Then fail to pollinate.
•Production of nectar and pollen time and colony
placement (hive entrances of colonies should remain
close).
Directing bees to crops
•Feeding sugar syrup (Training)
•Feeding sugar syrup with scent
•Reflecting ultra-violet light in crops
•Feeding sugar syrup (Training)
•Feeding sugar syrup with scent
•Reflecting ultra-violet light in crops
Proportion of pollen gatherers
•Colonies should contain plenty of brood
•Stimulative sugar feeding
•Adding extra combs of brood
•Removing pollen stores. Pollen gatherers
more important
•Colonies should contain plenty of brood
•Stimulative sugar feeding
•Adding extra combs of brood
•Removing pollen stores. Pollen gatherers
more important
Increasing crop attractiveness
•Selective breeding
•By altering plant nutrient supply
•Cultural practices e.g. irrigation.
•Selective breeding
•By altering plant nutrient supply
•Cultural practices e.g. irrigation.
SEVERAL REASONS FOR BEE LOSSES
Risk of Extinction
Species ofDescribedEvaluated-
ability to
survive
Threatened
Birds 9932 100% 12.0%
Mammals 4842 97% 23.6%
Insects 1,004,898 0.08% 73.0%
May Berenbaum, 2009
Species ofDescribedEvaluated-
ability to
survive
Threatened
Birds 9932 100% 12.0%
Mammals 4842 97% 23.6%
Insects 1,004,898 0.08% 73.0%
May Berenbaum, 2009
Need to conserve pollinator biodiversity
To realize yield potentials
- of several cross pollinated crops
- hybrid seed production
- crops grown under polyhouses
To conserve the rare and endemic species of
honey bees & pollinators
Survival of plant species through mixing of gene
pool
In intensified and diversified sustenance
agriculture
To realize yield potentials
- of several cross pollinated crops
- hybrid seed production
- crops grown under polyhouses
To conserve the rare and endemic species of
honey bees & pollinators
Survival of plant species through mixing of gene
pool
In intensified and diversified sustenance
agriculture
One of the main reasons for not able to break the
yield plateau of some cross pollinated crops despite
having the best variety and adoption of all
technologies, is the depletion in population of
pollinators, which results into inadequate pollination
and thereby reduced productivity.
Depletion in population of native insect pollinators in
natural habitats due to habitat destruction,
mechanization and other agricultural practices,
changing cropping pattern, pesticidal application and
pollution are of serious concern.
CONCLUSIONS
yield plateau of some cross pollinated crops despite
having the best variety and adoption of all
technologies, is the depletion in population of
pollinators, which results into inadequate pollination
and thereby reduced productivity.
Depletion in population of native insect pollinators in
natural habitats due to habitat destruction,
mechanization and other agricultural practices,
changing cropping pattern, pesticidal application and
pollution are of serious concern.
CONCLUSIONS
How much loss the nation has accrued over
the decades because of decline in population
of pollinators leading to inadequate
pollination and thereby reduced productivity
is difficult to assess.
In the present situation, it is of pivotal
significance to generate techniques for
conservation, augmentation and utilization
of pollinators including honey bees for
maximizing pollination and to increase the
production of various crops.
CONCLUSIONS
the decades because of decline in population
of pollinators leading to inadequate
pollination and thereby reduced productivity
is difficult to assess.
In the present situation, it is of pivotal
significance to generate techniques for
conservation, augmentation and utilization
of pollinators including honey bees for
maximizing pollination and to increase the
production of various crops.
CONCLUSIONS
WORLD WITHOUT BEES…………..
“If the bee disappeared off the surface of
the globe, then man would only have four years
of life left. No more pollination, no more plants,
no more animals, no more man”
ALBERT EINSTEIN
59
“If the bee disappeared off the surface of
the globe, then man would only have four years
of life left. No more pollination, no more plants,
no more animals, no more man”
ALBERT EINSTEIN
59
THANK YOU
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