insectaclassification and orders of important insects

the document provide important information about insect order and their families

1. Order Insecta : Classification - Vikas Kumar

2. P.J. Gullan and P.S. Cranston, Systematics : Phylogeny and Classification

3. 5 There are about 15,00,000 insects recorded by Metcalf till 1940 . These differs from each other in structure and habit. The foundations of modern system of classification were laid by Brauer in 1885 . Imms (1961) reported 29 orders of insects which are generally more accepted. The Class Insecta may be divided into sub-classes:- Apterygota (Wingless) Pterygota (Winged)

4. 6 1. Apterygota :- They are minute , primitive insects. Wings are totally absent . Metamorphosis is absent . Direct development. This sub class includes following orders:- Thysanura - Silverfish Diplura - Japygids Protura - Proturans Collembola - Spring tails Silverfish

5. 7 2. Pterygota :- They are generally winged or secondarily wingless insects. Metmorphosis is different types. This sub-class is divided into two divisions:- (A). Exopterygota :- Metmorphosis simple , pupal instar rarely present. Wings develop externally . Immature stages are nymphs which resemble with adults in structure and habits. It includes following orders of agril . importance:- Odonata , Orthroptera , Dictyoptera , Isoptera , Hemiptera and Thysanoptera .

6. 8 (a) Order: Orthoptera ( greek Orthos = straight , pteron = wings ) Mouthparts – Biting and chewing type, Antennae – Filliform or setaceous , Wings- Tegmina Family:- Acrididae Ex. Rice grass hopper ( Hieroglyphus banian ) Kharif grass hopper ( Hieroglyphus nigropletus ) Surface grass hopper ( Chrotogonus spp.) Locust ( Schitocerca gregaria ) Grass Hopper

7. 9 (b). Order: Isoptera ( greek isos = equal , pteron = wings ) Social insects, biting and chewing type mouthparts, Moniliform type antennae, Long narrow wings in winged members. Family: Mastotermitidae Example: Mastotermes darwiniensis Family: Kalotermitidae Example: Kalotermes incicus . Mastotermes

8. 10 Family: Termitidae Example: Odontotermes obesus . Family: Hodotermitidae Example: Hodotermes macrocephalus Family: Rhinotermitidae Example: Rhinotermes spp. Termite

9. 11 (c) Order: Hemiptera ( greek Hemi = half , pteron = wings; partly thickened and membranous wings ) Mouthparts – Peircing and sucking type Hemiptera is divided into two sub-orders:- Homoptera : Aphids, Scale insects and leaf hoppers. Heteroptera : Bugs Aphids

10. 12 Sub-order: Homoptera (Homo = equal, pteron = wings) Generally two pair of wings. Metamorphosis is incomplete. Family: Jassidae or Cicadellidae Example: Mango Leaf Hopper ( Amritodus atkinsoni ) Paddy leaf hopper ( Nephotettix virescence Cotton jassid ( Amrasca bigutella ) Family: Fulgoridae Example: Sugarcane leaf hopper ( Pyrilla perpusilla ) Mango Leaf Hopper

11. 13 Family: Aphididae Example: Mustard Aphid ( Liphapis erysimi ) Family: Aleurodidae Example: Sugarcane white fly ( Aleurolobus barodensis ) Cotton white fly ( Bamesia tabaci ) Family: Coccidae Example: Mango mealy bug ( Drosicha mangiferae ) Family: Laceiferidae Example: Lac insect ( Laceifer lacca ) Mustard Aphid

12. 14 Sub-order: Heteroptera (Hetero = different, pteron = wings) Wings: Hemelytera Mouthparts: Piercing and sucking type Family: Pentatomidae Example: Painted Bug ( Bagrada cruciferarum ) Family: Coreidae Example: Gundhi Bug ( Leptocorisa varicornis ) Family: Pyrrhocoridae Example: Red Cotton Bug ( Dysdercus cingulatus ) Gundhi Bug

13. 15 (d). Order: Coleoptera (Coles = sheath, pteron = wings) Wings: Elytra Mouthparts: Chewing and biting type Metamorphosis: Complete Larva is known as Grub . Family: Dermestidae Examples: Khapra Beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) Family: Bruchidae or Lariidae Example: Pulse Beetle ( Callosobruchus chinensis ) Khapra Beetle Pulse Beetle

14. 16 Family: Chrysomelidae Example: Red Pumpkin Beetle ( Raphidopalpa foveicollis ) Family: Curculionidae Example: Rice Weevil ( Sitophilus oryzae ) Family: Coccinellidae Example: Spotted Beetle ( Epilachna vigintioctopunctata ) Coccinellid Beetle ( Coccinella septempuctata ) Red Pumpkin Beetle Rice weevil

15. 17 (e). Order: Lepidoptera ( Lepidos = scales, pteron = wings) Beautiful insects (Butterfly) Mouthparts: Represent as a suctorial proboscis (Adult), Biting and Chewing type (Caterpillars) Metamorphosis: Complete According to Imms (1961) Lepidoptera is divided into three sub-orders:- Zeugloptera Monotyrsia Ditrysia

16. 18 Family: Galechiidae Example: Pink boll worm ( Pectinophora gossypiella ) Potato Tuber Moth ( Gnorimoschema opercullela ) Angoumois Grain Moth ( Sitotroga cerealella ) Family: Pyralididae Example: Cotton Leaf Roller ( Sylepta derogata ) Jowar Stem Borer ( Chilo partellus ) Sugarcane Top Borer ( Tryporyza nivella ) Sugarcane Root Borer ( Emmalocera depresella ) Sugarcane Stem Borer ( Chilotrea infucatellus )

17. 19 Family: Noctuidae Example: Gram Cut Worm ( Agrotis ypsilon ) Gram Caterpillar ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Fruit sucking Moth ( Ophideres conjuncta ) Family: Cymbidae Example: Spotted Boll Worm ( Earias vitella , E. insulana ) Family: Aretiidae Example: Red Hairy Caterpillar ( Amsacta moorei ) Family: Bombycidae Example: Silk Worm ( Bombyx mori )

18. 20 Sugarcane Top Borer Red Hairy Caterpiller Gram Cutworm Sugarcane Root Borer Silk Worm Pink Boll Worm

19. 21 Family: Saturnidae Example: Eri Silk Worm ( Attacus ricini ) Tasar Silk Worm ( Anthereca paphia ) Munga Silk Worm (A. assuma ) Wild Silk Worm ( Attacus atlus ) Family: Pieridae Example: White Butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) Family: Papillionidae Example: Lemon Butterfly ( Papillio demolus ) White Butterfly Lemon Butterfly

20. 22 (e). Order: Hymenoptera (Hymen = membrane , pteron = wings ) Membranous Wings, Biting and chewing type mouthparts (larvae) and female having piercing type sting in abdomen, Complete metamorphosis Family: Apidae Example: Apis indica Apis dorsata Apis florea Family: Tenthredinidae Example: Mustard Saw Fly ( Athalia proxima )

21. 23 Family: Braconidae Example: Bracon spp., Chelonus spp., Apanteles spp. Family: Chalcidiae Example: Trichogramma minutum , Chalcis spp. , Brachymeria spp. Family: Formicidae Example: Ants Trichogramma minutum

22. 24 (e). Order: Diptera ( Di = twice, pteron = wings) Commonly known as Flies, Hindwings modified into Halters, Mouthparts are Piercing and sucking or Lapping and sponging type, Larvae called as Maggots. Family: Trypetidae or Tephritidae Example: Fruit Fly ( Dacus cucurbitae ) Fruit Fly

23. 25 Family: Tachinidae Example: Strumia cericariae (Parasite of the larvae of Silkworm) Family: Syrphidae Example: Syrphus spp. Syrphus

24. Class and Order Protura • about 200 species described • ametabolous • anamorphic • minute and whitish with entognathous mouthparts • lacking eyes and antennae ; forelegs may function for latter • no wings, no cerci, legs with 1-segmented tarsi, styli on first abdominal segments Habitat – soil, humus, decaying vegetation, rotting wood and under bark Abundance – rare and local Collection – store in 95% ethanol Superclass Hexapoda

25. Class and Order Collembola • about 6000 species described • ametabolous • epimorphic 3 • minute to small in size ; body tubular to globose . • patches of 1 to many lateral eyes, 4- segmented antennae. • 6-segmented abdomen with tenaculum on third and furcula on fourth segment Habitat – most species in soil and leaf litter Abundance – ubiquitous, abundant Collection – store in 95?% ethanol with 1% glycerin

26. Class and Order Diplura • about 800 species described • ametabolous . • minute, slender, and whitish • compound eyes absent, long thread-like antenna. • 1-segmented tarsi Habitat – damp soil, under bark, under stones or logs, in rotting wood, in caves Abundance – local and scarce Collection – store in 70-80% ethanol

27. Subclass Apterygota Order Archeognatha • about 350 species described • wings absent • abdomen with rudimentary legs (styli) • compound eyes large • cerci shorter than terminal filament Habitat – leaf litter, under bark, among rocks, cliffs Abundance – local Collection – store in 70-80% ethanol Class: Insecta

28. Order Thysanura • about 370 species described • wings absent • abdomen with rudimentary legs (styli) • compound eyes small or absent • cerci similar in length to terminal filament. Habitat – leaf litter, under bark, cellars, steam rooms Abundance – very local Collection – store in 70-80% ethanol

29. • about 5,500 species described • front and hindwings similar • antennae short, bristlelike • mouthparts chewing • male with secondary copulatory organ on venter of second abdominal segment • larva aquatic with prehensile labium Habitat – generally associated with water; larvae are aquatic Abundance – common to abundant around water Collection – stored in envelopes; larvae stored in 70-80% ethanol Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass:Paleoptera Order : Odonata

30. Order Ephemeroptera • about 2,500 species described • forewings larger than hindwings (sometimes hindwings absent) • antennae short, bristlelike • soft-bodied • mouthparts nonfunctional • very long, tread-like cerci • larval stages aquatic, esp. well oxygenated, running waters. Habitat – generally associated with water (esp. well oxygenated); larvae are aquatic Abundance – very common to abundant Collection – adults and larvae should be stored in 70-80% ethanol

31. • about 4,000 species described • forewings leathery, hindwings fanlike • antennae usually long, threadlike • mouthparts chewing • pronotum wide, shield like, covering head • legs cursorial . Habitat – ranging from peri -domestic to native vegetation; generally nocturnal, hiding under objects by day Abundance – locally common Collection – pinned in metanotum ; sometimes in Alcohol Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Orthopteroidea Series Exopterygota Order Blattodea

32. Order Mantodea • about 2,000 species described • forewings leathery, hindwings fanlike • prothorax very long, neck-like, head free • front legs raptorial ( spined ) • exclusively predaceous. Habitat – generally in vegetation Abundance – two somewhat common species Collection – pin through base of right wing

33. Order Isoptera • about 2,300 species described • social insects with different castes (sterile workers and soldiers, reproductive males and queen) • white, soft-bodied • antennae short, threadlike • non-reproductive castes wingless. Habitat – wood, especially in dry sandy areas Abundance – locally common Collection – store in ethanol (75%)

34. Order Plecoptera • about 2,000 species described • hindwings wider than front ones • antennae long, threadlike • mouthparts chewing, weakly developed in adults • cerci long, segmented • larvae in fast flowing waters, rich in oxygen. Habitat – associated with water;; immatures aquatic Abundance – common Collection – pin adults in thorax or store in 70-80% ethanol; immatures in ethanol

35. Order Orthoptera • about 21,000 species described • forewings thickened or small and padlike , hindwings fanlike • antennae threadlike • hindlegs modified for jumping ( saltatorial ) • lateral tympanal organ on abdominal base • ovipositor very short. Habitat – almost all terrestrial environments, often associated with vegetation Abundance – common to abundant Collection – pin in right posterior of prothorax

36. Order Dermaptera • about 1,800 species described • forewings leathery, padlike ; hindwings fanlike, with complicated folding system • antennae short or long, threadlike • cerci enlarged, forcepslike • pronotum square Habitat – under litter, bark, some under rocks and wrack on shoreline, gardens, agricultural fields Abundance – common Collection – pin in right elytron

37. Optional - Order Mantophasmatodea • newly described order; 13 species only • 2-3 cm long, no wings; similar to Orthoptera , Mantodea , and Phasmatodea , but hindlegsnot saltatorial , forelegs not raptorial, and head hypognathous not prognathous • carnivores with chewing mouthparts Habitat – low shrubby vegetation in dry areas Abundance – common where they occur Collection – pin at base of mesothorax (but you won’t find them unless you go to Africa)

38. Optional - Order Grylloblattodea • about 24 species described • wings absent • antennae long, threadlike • mouthparts chewing • cerci long, segmented • eyes reduced or absent Habitat – live in cold places, alongside glaciers or in caves (not present in New England) Collection – store in 75% ethanol

39. Optional - Order Embiidina • about 200 species described • front and hindwings very similar • antennae shorter than body, threadlike • basal tarsomere of foreleg swollen (silk producing) Habitat – semi-social insects, living in silken galleries constructed on bark or rocks (not present in New England) Collection – store in ethanol; winged adults may be carefully pinned

40. Order Phasmatodea • about 2,500 species described • wings usually absent; if present then hindwings much bigger than forewings, fan-like • body strongly elongated (sticklike) or flattened ( leaflike ) • herbivorous Habitat – on vegetation or buildings; sometimes near lights Abundance – locally common in our area Collection – pin at base of mesothorax

41. Optional - Order Zoraptera • about 30 species described • forewings somewhat larger than hindwings ; sometimes wings absent • antennae 9-segmented • gregarious or semi-social insects • feed on fungus spores and dead arthropods. Habitat – occur in rotten wood, sawdust piles, under bark (not present in New England) Abundance - local and scarce Collection – store in ethanol Superorder Hemipteroidea

42. Order Psocoptera • about 3,000 species described • forewings somewhat larger than hindwings • antennae shorter than body, threadlike • mouthparts chewing, with chisel-like maxillae • no cerci • small insects, feeding on algae, lichens and dead organic matter (including dead insect specimens) • bulging clypeus Habitat – on foliage, bark, wood, stored products Collection – store in ethanol; some large species may be pinned

43. Order Phthiraptera • about 5,500 species described • wingless, strongly flattened dorsoventrally • external parasites of birds and mammals • mouthparts piercing, sucking, and modified chewing • tarsi 1-2 segmented, with 1 or 2 terminal claws • entire life cycle on the host Habitat – ectoparasites of vertebrates Abundance – common Collection – store in ethanol

44. • about 80,000 species described • distal portion of forewing is membranous, resting roof-like on abdomen ; hindwings membranous • herbivorous or predaceous • mouthparts sucking • sometimes front legs raptorial, sometimes hind legs saltatorial • many species gregarious Habitat – typically associated with vegetation, some found on ground with fallen seeds, some predaceous, several aquatic families Abundance – common to abundant Collection – pin in upper right of scutellum Order Hemiptera

45. Order Thysanoptera • about 4,500 species described • both pairs of wings very slender with wide fringe of hairs; venation strongly reduced • mouthparts sucking, asymmetrical • minute insects Habitat – small insects feeding on plant juices or predaceous; found in flowers, leaf litter, galls, and fungi Abundance – very common Collection – store in ethanol

46. • about 5,000 species described • forewings and hindwings similar with dense venation • antennae many-segmented, threadlike • predaceous • mouthparts chewing • front legs sometimes raptorial Habitat – ubiquitous; larvae terrestrial or aquatic Abundance – locally common Collection – store in ethanol or pin in thorax Division Endopterygota Superorder Neuropteroidea Order Neuroptera

47. Optional - Order Raphidioptera • about 175 species described • forewings and hind wings similar, membranous • larvae terrestrial • pronotum strongly elongated, neck-like Habitat – often associated with oak woodlands; larvae often under bark (none in eastern United States) Abundance – locally common Collection – pin b/w wing bases or store in ethanol

48. Order Megaloptera • about 300 species described • forewings and hindwings similar with dense venation • sometimes mandibles strongly enlarged Habitat – near steams or lakes, sometimes at lights; larvae aquatic Abundance – locally common Collection – pin through thorax or store in ethanol

49. Order Coleoptera • more than 300,000 species described • forewings hardened, forming protective elytra ; hindwings membranous, usually hidden under elytra Habitat – everywhere (perhaps 1 out of 5 macroscopic species on Earth) Abundance – abundant Collection – pin in upper portion of right elytron.

50. Order Strepsiptera • about 525 species described • forewings reduced, forming halteres ; hindwings large, membranous • females with all appendages reduced, body sac like; males free-living Habitat – parasites of other insects, mostly Hymenoptera (esp. sphecids and andrenids ; Polistes common host in New England) Abundance – rare Collection – females from parasitized hosts, males sometimes at lights – point adults or preserve in ethanol

51. Order Mecoptera • about 500 species described • forewings and hindwings similar, sometimes absent. • face elongated • predaceous or omnivorous • males with bulbous genital capsule at end of abdomen Habitat – damp, often shady areas, mesic woodlands Abundance – locally common Collection – pin in thorax or store in ethanol

52. Order Siphonaptera • about 2,400 species described • wings absent • mouthparts piercing-sucking; palpi present • legs saltatorial • body strongly flattened laterally • larval development in nest of host (not on host body) Habitat – external parasites of vertebrates Abundance – locally common Collection – preserve in ethanol

53. Order Diptera • about 150,000 species described • hindwings reduced, forming halteres ; forewings large, membranous • mouthparts sucking or piercing, of very variable structure Habitat – In almost any habitat Abundance – ubiquitous, abundant Collection – pin in thorax

54. Order Lepidoptera • about 150,000 species described • forewings and hindwings covered with scales • mouthparts of adults sucking, tube-like, formed from maxillae; mandibles reduced or absent Habitat – ubiquitous, often at flowers, common at lights; larvae (caterpillars) primarily terrestrial Abundance – ubiquitous, abundant Collection – pin in thorax and spread wings

55. Order Trichoptera • about 7,000 species described • forewings and hindwings similar, densely covered with hairs • antennae long, often held forward Habitat – adults usually near water or at lights; immatures aquatic, most build cases Abundance – abundant near water Collection – pin in mesonotum or store in ethanol; immatures should be stored in ethanol

56. • about 180,000 species described • hindwings smaller, attaching to forewings by series of hooklets ; wings often absent; abdomen sometimes with constriction (petiole) • many social with reproductive and non reproductive castes • mouthparts chewing but maxillae and labium often modified for sucking • ovipositor often modified into stinger. Habitat – ubiquitous; many parasitic; often at flowers Abundnace – ubiquitous, abundant Collection – pin in thorax Superorder Hymenopteroidea Order Hymenoptera

57. REFERENCE Wheeler, W. C., M. Whiting, Q. D. Wheeler, and J. M. Carpenter. 2001. The phylogeny of the extant hexapod orders. Cladistics 17:113-169 . P.J. Gullan and P.S. Cranston, 2014. The Insect An Outline of Entomology(5 th Edition), 7 . Insect Systematics: Phylogeny and Classification, Publishers: Wiley Blackwell A.D. IMMS, 1925. A General Textbook of Entomology , III. The orders of insects: The classification of insects, Publishers : Methuen & co. Ltd.

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