Insects of medical and veterinary importance

All about the insect as medical, veterinary and economic importance

1. Insects Of Medical And Veterinary Importance Zoo-702 CRH 03 (2+1) Tamreez khan Roll No 39 M.Phil. Zoology 1 st Semester Submitted to Dr. Asad Ali Khan Date of submission: 06-09-2021

2. Arthropods As Vector And Parasites Ants Termites Cockroach Silver fish Cricket Powder post Carpet beetles Cloth-moth Psocids Lice Bed bug Fleas Mosquitoes House flies Sand flies Stable flies Flesh flies Blow flies Tsetse flies Black flies midges

3. Presentation Outline General Biology Of Species As Vector role Parasitic activity Medical and veterinary importance Economic importance

4. (01) Ants ( Formicidae ) Family General Biology: Taxonomic Position: Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthopoda Class : Insecta Order : Hymenoptera (Wasp, Bees, Ants) Family : Formicidae

5. Geographical distribution : Ants are Cosmopolitan Species found in all continent except Antarctica . Species Number : Estimated No of spp are 13800 Morphology : Size : 0.75-52 mm Color : Red, Black, green And Metallic Luster Anatomy : Body have Head, Thorax and Abdomen

6. Life cycle: Complete Metamorphosis occur having Egg, Larva, Pupa And Adult

7. Ants as vector: Ants serve as vector for both gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as staphylococcus, serratia , klebsiella, acinetobacter etc (Google Scholar). Fungi cordyceps infect ants and kill to grow on their dead body. A nematode Myrmeconema neotropicum spread and transfer to birds through ants when the ants reaches to fruits and fruits are eaten by birds. Ants are intermediate host for a tapeworm Anomotaenia brevis . About 9% of plants species spread their seeds through ants.

8. Medical and veterinary importance of ants Ants are responsible for cross contamination in our homes between our foods and garbage which spread bacterial and fungal infection and leads to cause digestive problems. Ants bites can also cause infection, inflammation and allergic reactions . Formic acid present on the fire ants body cause allergy and blisters on the body of human

9. Ants as parasites Ants have high host searching capacity and it is used as biological control species. It serve as insect predator or parasites on pest that is economically important in agriculture. Ants also control pest Species Number because it have very short life cycle. Ants are consider the great enemy of termites which reduce the woody plants reduction.

10. Economic Importance of Ants Ants serves as pest suppression and soil aerator. Africans and south Americans used black ants for surgical sutures. Ants toxic venom are medically important in immunology. The ants their larva and eggs are used as food in India, Burma and Thailand etc. In north Queensland Ants are squeezed which form an acidic drink. Ants are serving as pests and marks great economic lose In agriculture sector. The social behavior and their colonization help the problem solving techniques (Algorithm) in computer networking and programing.

11. (02) Termites teremes (woodworms) General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthopoda Class: Insecta Order: Blattodea

12. Geographical distribution: It is an successful insect live on all continent except Antarctica. Species Number: 3106 spp are described currently Morphology : Size : ranges from 4-15mm Anatomy : Their body is composed of Head, thorax and abdomen. Head: Most worker termites have no pair of eyes, antenna is present. Thorax: Further divides into pro. Meso and metathorax. Abdomen: There is ten segments in their abdomen.

13. Life cycle Have incomplete metamorphosis in which egg, nymph and adult stage occur.

14. Caste System of Termites

15. Termites as vector Termites form symbiotic association with different protozoans and microbes like flagellates protist, trichonymph and spirochetes bacteria. Termites itself get infected with nematodes and possibly it can transmit this parasites to human. Termites feed on mammals feces specially cat with leads to carry acanthocephalan infection and carry the eggs of different nematodes. Termites are the parasite on plants.

16. Economic importance of termites Termites serve as decomposer of dead plants. It cause great economic loss to timber industries and woody plants. Termites produce 11% of atmospheric methane gas from cellulose breakdown. Termites serve as pest and harm crop production and agricultural losses. 43 termites spp are used as food in many countries as protein source. Termites are potential pollinator of flowering plants.

17. Medical and veterinary importance of Termites Some people are allergic to termites saliva and leads to asthma attacks. Termites can bite and sting but their wounds are not toxic. Nesting birds ana herbivores animals are also suffers from termites. As discussed termites can also spread some parasite and cause infection.

18. (03) Cockroaches General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthopoda Subphylum : Hexapoda Class: Insecta Order: Blattodea

19. Geographical distribution: Found in all continent except Antarctica No of Species: 4,600 Morphology : Size : Ranges up to 08cm Weight : 35 Grams Color : Reddish brown to dark brown Anatomy : Having three segments of thorax and ten segment of abdomen and three pairs of legs. Head : have compound eyes, ocilli , and non flexible antenna .

20. Life Cycle

21. Cockroach as Vector Termites serve as both mechanical and reservoir vector of pathogenic agents. About 40 spp of bacteria, 25 spp of Enterobactericeae that cause gastroenteritis. Cockroaches contributes to transmit chagas disease (NCBI). About 4.45% of cockroaches carry pathogenic bacteria and fungi (PUBMED). Cockroaches carry Ascaris, Trichuris, Capillaria , toxocara , Hookworm, Emeria . Cockroaches are responsible for zoonosis ( Hindawi ).

22. Economic importance of cockroaches Cockroaches contaminate thousand of kilogram food every years when the shed their skin in it. Cockroaches are used in medicine as well as food in china. Cockroaches are getting resistant to insecticide which leads to great economic loss. The also spreads pathogens which cause diseases so that consume a great wealth in health sector.

23. Medical and veterinary importance of cockroaches Cockroaches transport pathogens to human body through food. Cockroaches cause allergic reaction in skin through tropomyosin. The allergy is linked with asthma.

24. (04) Silver Fish ( Lepisma saccharinum ) General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Order: Zygentoma Family: Lepisma

25. Geographical distribution it is cosmopolitan spp found mostly in Africa, America, Australia and Europe Species Number: 120 spp Morphology: Size : 13-25mm Color : newly hatched are whitish, adult are greyish or metallic shine Anatomy: Have two compounds eyes on heads, long antenna and no wings so the move through wiggling motion

26. Life cycle

27. Silver-Fish as Vector Silver-fish can only serve as mechanical vector that spread harmful bacteria between garbage and our food.

28. Economic importance of silver-fish Silverfish can digest carbohydrates, dextrin, and adhesive etc. It cause damages to books, carpets, clothes, paper, photos, tapestries. It also eat cotton, dead insect, silk. They also leads to food contamination. Silverfish also cause damages to grains.

29. Medical and veterinary importance of sliver-fish Silverfish do not bite but get in touch with it can cause allergy. The presence of silverfish in an environment attract other harmful insect such as carpet beetle which cause problems.

30. (05) Cricket General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Order: Orthoptera suborder: Ensifera

31. Geographical distribution cricket are distributed all around the world except at altitude higher that 50 Species Number : About 2,00 described spp Anatomy & Morphology: Have cylindrical shape, round head and long antenna large hind legs for jumping Head have two compounds aye with three ocelli. Size : about 5cm Chirping sounds cricket produce chirping sound for mating. They burrow its head and scrap their leathery forewing to produce sounds.

32. Life cycle Cricket are hemi metabolic insect whose life cycle complete in egg, larval, nymph and adult stage.

33. Cricket as vector Cricket serve as mechanical vector E.coli, salmonella bacteria (Google scholar). They can also transmit eggs of different worms from fecal material.

34. Economic importance of cricket Cricket are pest in the gardens and cause damages to plants by leaving holes in their body. Cricket chew clothes, bedding and wallpapers etc.

35. Medical and veterinary importance of cricket Cricket can bite rarely but it can not tear human skin. Cricket are get touch with allergens which cause skin rashes. The bacteria can also be spread through cricket which cause digestive problems. The chirping sound produce some psychological problems. Sometimes it give pleasure at night time while some people get scared from these sounds.

36. (06) Powder-post Their larva feed on wood and produce powder They all are include in the beetles. General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Order: Celeoptera Family: Bostrichdae

37. Geographical distribution: present worldwide but the their active period is sessional. Species Number: 70 spp of woodboring. Morphology: Size : 0.79-3.2mm Color: reddish brown in color. Anatomy: Having head thorax and abdomen . They have large thorax and their body is downward so the head is not visible. Having flat head and with two jointed clubs in antenna.

38. Life cycle:

39. Powder-post as parasite Powder post beetle is not an ecto or endo parasite of animal at any life cycle stage. But it is consider the parasite of plants both at adult and larval stage.

40. Economic importance of powder-post The larva of powder post is consider a disaster for timber and furniture industry. The deciduous plants are also the most targeted material of powder post and their growth is greatly effected by powder post. The construction of buildings railway lines are greatly effected by powder post.

41. Medical and veterinary importance of powder-post Majority of the beetles including powder post do not have the biting or stinging ability. It do not have any venom or jaws that can break the human skin. However the powder produced form wood can cause so problems to people having allergy or asthma. The airborne powder of wood cause eye irritation and reparatory infection. It an also cause scalp rashes when powder fall from the roof on head.

42. (07) Carpet-beetles General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Family: Dermestidae

43. Geographical distribution the species are mostly found in Palearctic, Europe, Nearctic,, North Africa and neotrophic regions. Species Number : 500-700spp Morphology : Size: 3mm Color : Having irregular pattern on their body white, brown and yellow . Anatomy : Body is composed of head abdomen and thorax. It have wings covered with Elytra. head have antenna and compound ayes. Having six legs with claws and Segmented abdomen

44. Life cycle:

45. Economic importance of carpet beetle Just like cloth moth carpet beetle feed on wool, fur, silk, feather, skin and leather etc. These all items contain keratin protein which is essential for their larva to feed on silk, wool, carpet, blankets, fur, leathers, animal hairs etc. Mostly in spring time they cause damages. All the clothing items used in winter are mostly damage by carpet beetle. It also cause damages to birds nest, seeds

46. Medical and veterinary importance of carpet beetle Carpet beetle do not bite but long term exposure with carpet beetle cause dermatitis. Itching, pruritic rashes, and papulovesicular rashes are caused by carpet beetles. The air born fibers formed by carpet beetle cause eye irritation and respiratory tract problems.

47. (07) Cloth-moth General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Order: Lipidoptera ( Butterflesi+Moth ) Family: Tineidae

48. Geographical distribution : This specie was limited to western Eurasia but transported by travelers to others regions of the world. Species Number: Have 3,000 Species Morphology: Size: 9-16mm Color: Grey whitish, red orange and yellowish brown . Anatomy: Body have head, thorax and abdomen. Have elongated wings of 12-25mm wingspan. Have long antenna. Have erect scales or hair on the head.

49. Life cycle:

50. Cloth-moth as vector Various species of fungi are transmitted through moth in which calviceps paspali , mycoparasitic fusarium. Different species of fungi that cause diseases in animals, human and plants are caries through cloth-moth

51. Medical and veterinary importance of cloth-moth The larva of cloth moth is responsible for skin infection (google scholar). Dermatophytes fungi that cause skin infection in about 20-25% of people globally are transmitted through the larva of cloth moth.

52. Economic importance of cloth-moth Cloth moth is a great challenge for fabrics and textile industry. They have the direct effect on the economy of person by destroying their daily used items.

53. (08) Psocids (Booklice) General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Super Order: Psocodae Order: Psocoptera

54. Geographical distribution: These are cosmopolitan spp but session effect their activeness. Species Number: 41 Families and 5,500 species Morphology: Size : 1-10mm Anatomy: Body have Head, thorax and abdomen. Head : Head have two compound eyes, three ocili , mouth with sharp chewing mandibles and maxilla. The abdomen is segmented Thorax have variation from spp to spp. Wings are present tent like over the body legs are slender and adopted for jumping.

55. Life cycle: The life cycle consist of eggs, modified myph and adult.

56. Psocid as vector Only mechanical vector role of psocid is observed between food and garbage or dust which make food indigestible as it is many pathogens.

57. Economic importance of psocid As psocid are known as booklice so it mostly feed on the papers, books and other paper material. They mostly feed on starchy material like wallpapers, past, books, paper goods, furniture, fabrics, painting. Secret and official document when damage by psocid cause loss huge problem.

58. Medical and veterinary importance od psocid Psocid have chewing mouthparts but they are not found to nibble the human skin. A little pinch can be cause by skin when psocid get on skin. As it have no part with the human blood so hardly come in touch with human. Psocid are medically important because they feed on pathogenic mold and fungi. Psocid infest the foods and they are responsible for decaying

59. (09) Lice General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Artopoda Class: Insecta Order: Phithiraptera Family: Pediculidae

60. Geographical distribution Distributed all over the world Species Number: 5000 ssp Morphology: Size : Adult are 2.5-3mm Color : Grey in color Anatomy: Have head, thorax and abdomen. No wings are exist Head : have pair of eyes and antennae, antennae have five segments, having retracted mouth for skin piercing and blood sucking. Thorax: Having six legs with claws and thumbs adopted for hair clinging. Abdomen : Having seven segments of abdomen. The first six one contain spiracles for breathing and last one consist anus

61. Life cycle: Lice are Hemimetabolous insect in which eggs, nymph and adult stage exist. Nymph will molt three times for reaching to adult stage. The give eggs in a pouch attached with hairs.

62. Lice as vector The body louse is the vector of three pathogens that cause typhus fever, epidemic relapsing fever and trench fever. Lice also spread Various strains of bacteria in animals like cats , rats and cattle. Anapalsma , marginale , Bartonella, Brucella, borrelia, Rickettsia ssp are spread through lice in varios animals (Google Scholar).

63. Lice as parasite Lice is serving as obligate ectoparasite of human, chimpanzee, mammals and some birds. It feed on blood and spend most of the time head scalp hairs. About 830 spp of mammals are parasitized by human lice (Google scholar).

64. Medical and veterinary importance of lice During stress condition like War, crisis and disaster etc when people are not washing, and get bath they found to have lice in their heads and body. Lice cause skin itching and scratching. Head louse also cause dermatitis. Lice cause three pandemic fever in history Rickettsia prowazekii : The lice cause huge lesion in the scalp. Typhus fever: it is cause by a small organism rickettsia. Trench fever: Rickettsia Quintana cause it. It also spread diseases in animals. Skin irritation and weight loss are reported in poultry. Lice is also associated with cattle and spread rickettsia anaplasmosis. Hog lice spread pox virus.

65. Economic importance of lice The disease causing ability make lice an important factor in the economy of health and medicine. Their impact of cattle and poultry also bring loss to the production of different products. Control of lice through pesticides also an another economically important effort.

66. (10) Bed-Bug General Biology Taxonomic position: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthopoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Hetereoptera family: Cimicidae Genus : Cimex

67. Geographical distribution: Found mostly in temprate climate of all the world Species Number: 02 spp Morphology: Size : 4-5mm long and 1.5-3mm wide Color : light brown to reddish brown Anatomy: Bed bug have head, thorax and abdomen. The head have two ayes, antenna and piercing sucking mouth (proboscis) Six legs arise from the thorax and have vestigial hind legs modified to scales.

68. Life cycle life cycle consist gradual metamorphosis and have tree stages egg, nymph and adult.

69. Bed-bug as vector Bedbug are known as hematophagous insect. Bedbug serve as mechanical vector for different pathogens. About 45 pathogens are reported to be spread by bedbug including (Bacteria, parasites, virus and fungi) Google scholar. It can transmit the bacteria ( B. quintana ) which cause trench fever.

70. Bed-bug as parasite Bed bug is obligate EctoParasitic arthropod. About 20% of households were infested with bedbug in mid 20 th century. It is also known as photophobic parasite which only visit in dark for meal.

71. Medical and veterinary importance of Bed-bug Human and blood containing animals are both can be biten by bedbug at night time. The saliva of bedbug contain anticoagulant, vasodilator (Nitric oxide), proteolytic enzyme. These all enzyme cause hypersensitivity. A line or curve of 2-5mm lesion are shown at the bite site. The bite of bedbug cause allergy which can be leads to secondary infection like lymphangitis It also cause anemia, anxiety, insomnia (inability of sleep).

72. Economic importance of Bed-bug Bedbug has an important role in ecosystem as it is the main food source of spiders. Bedbug also transmit diseases which needs to be control through medicine and pesticide industry and it has role in economy. It is the most annoying and disgusting household pest. Bed have foul and stinking smell which cause sleepiness and uncomforted.

73. In a Nutshell (Summary) of the presentation Arthropods is diverse phylum of kingdom animalia and it is the most important phylum to sustain our ecosystem The arthropods are consider to be the accelerator of life on earth . Various species of arthropods are responsible foo the spreading of many parasites and infections . Economically arthropods are also very important phylum.

74. Bibliography of the Presentation Google scholar Wikipedia NCBI Britannica PUBMID Pest.com Foundation of parasitology (Book).

75. Your Questions A nd Comments

76. Thank you