Insulin

INSULIN IS A COMMON PEPTIDE DUE TO THE DEFICIENCY OF WHICH CAUSES DIABETES

1. INSULIN By Pinky Varshney Lucknow university

2. Insulin is a peptide hormone that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by absorption of glucose from blood. Insulin is secreted by beta cells of islets of Langherhans of pancreas.

3. Discovery of insulin In 1869 the discovery came into light by works of Paul Langherhans Oscar minkowski found a relation between pancreas and blood sugar level.

4. Structure of insulin

5. Fredrick banting and Charles's best purified insulin from dog’s pancreas in 1921.

6. Disorders of insulin Result due to low insulin production Result due to destruction or decrease of insulin producing beta cells

7. diseases and syndrome Insulinoma – a tumor of pancreatic beta cells producing excessive insulin. Polycystic ovary syndrome – a complex syndrome in women in the reproductive years where an ovulation and androgen excess occur.

8. As most of the people are suffering from Diabetes so the demand for insulin has also increased. This lead to improvement in insulin so as to obtain greater yield and better results.

9. Synthesis of insulin For synthesis of insulin the structure of insulin must be known. The Natural human insulin can be extracted, crystallized and purified from human pancreas tissue. As beef and pig pancreas differ from human insulin structure hence they have adverse effects like allergy. Semi synthetic insulin can be made from proinsulin by removing certain amino acids .such insulin may cause hypoglycemia .

10. Analogue insulin Is an altered form of insulin different from natural insulin performing the same function as natural insulin. The analogue insulin is prepared by recombinant DNA technology. The insulin analogues have been classified into Rapid acting Long acting Short acting

11. Purification of insulin

12. Rapid acting insulin it begins work within 5-15 minutes and effect last for 2 - 5 hours . Thus Both are made by altering amino acid structures. LISPRO Is marketed as Humalog. In this the Lysine and Proline residues at c terminal of B chain are reversed thus blocking the formation of dimmers and hexamers ASPART Is marketed as Novolog. The amino acid B-28 Proline is substituted with Aspartic acid and preventing the formation of hexamers.

13. the first analogue insulin lispro was manufactured by eli lily and company

14. Long acting insulin These start working in 4-6 hour and are active for 24-28 hour. They include Degludec , Detemir and Glargine. Short acting insulin These start working in 30 minutes and is active for 5-8 hour. They include regular Humulin or novolin.